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н&[0\& н&[ 0 :&k3#&k+k+|k+O60 ~k+ $ |k+ O60 k+O60o0 #&}k+'k+O60o61?%QH"!0 O?8]bK0 L%(X"$0 OL8<GR] h$ $'f'~&~Ǹr' 62 62M&k   YkV50_O<_055_}5*S5<_055k " w}j'@#@ |$@62Q$+'-'F'* 1' S'& )jjԽ-* ƀjjʀ-* _-*  j$@ v60 k62P&z r60 }60ӻ rؽ }k5 62s$ e'n' `'2w'D Xk-0}k,&jk |k,0}k-&jk fk,0}k-&jk Pk-}k,&j0k :k-k,00jk #60B 60< }k.'_ k. r623$ 1'2' a'14'E Y̷A0_# M̷A0#B$;̷B0# .̷A0#̷B0# ̷A0#̷B0#}k4&k+}k4&0 k3}k4'k40 :5947 Ursae Majoris is 47 [G/light year]s away and is 1.7 times more [G/luminous] than the Sun. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be 2.4 times more massive than [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 3 years. The planet lies approximately 2.1 [G/a.u.] from its star, which would put it just past [G/Mars] in our [G/solar system]. 16 Cygni B is 72 [G/light year]s away and is 1.4 times more [G/luminous] than the Sun. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be 1.7 times more massive than [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 2.2 years. The planet lies approximately 1.7 [G/a.u.] from its star, which would put it just past [G/Mars] in our [G/solar system]. 70 Virginis is 59 [G/light year]s away and is 3 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be 6.8 times more massive than [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 117 days. The planet lies approximately 0.5 [G/a.u.] from its star, which would put it just past [G/Mercury] in our [G/solar system]. Rho Coronae Borealis is 57 [G/light year]s away and is 1.8 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be almost equal to the mass of [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 40 days. The planet lies approximately 0.2 [G/a.u.] from its star, which would put it much closer to its star that [G/Mercury] is to our Sun. Rho Cancri is 44 [G/light year]s away and is 0.6 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be 0.9 times as massive as [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 15 days. The planet lies approximately 0.1 [G/a.u.] from its star, which would put it much closer to its star that [G/Mercury] is to our Sun. Upsilon Andromedae is 57 [G/light year]s away and is 5.5 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be a little over half the mass of [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 5 days. The planet lies extremely close to its star, at a distance of only 0.05 [G/a.u.]. For comparison, [G/Mercury] lies 0.39 a.u. from the Sun. 51 Pegasi is 50 [G/light year]s away and is 1.3 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be about half as massive as [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 4 days. The planet lies extremely close to its star, at a distance of only 0.05 [G/a.u.]. For comparison, [G/Mercury] lies 0.39 a.u. from the Sun. Tau Bootis is 49 [G/light year]s away and is 4.0 times more [G/luminous] than the [G/Sun]. The [G/planet] in orbit around this [G/star] is believed to be over 3.5 times more massive than [G/Jupiter] and it circles the star once every 3 days. The planet lies extremely close to its star, at a distance of only 0.05 [G/a.u.]. For comparison, [G/Mercury] lies 0.39 a.u. from the Sun. HD 217107 is 13 [G/light year]s away. It has been shown to have a planet that is 1.3 times more massive than Jupiter. This planet orbits the star every 7.1 days. It's orbit is only 0.07 [G/a.u.], this is one tenth the distance to Mercury. HD 13445 is 36 [G/light year]s away. It has been shown to have a plenat orbiting it that is 5 times as massive as Jupiter. This planet orbits the star ever 15.83 days at a distance of 0.11 [G/a.u.]. Beta Pictoris: Through a telescope, this [G/star] appears as a typical pinpoint of light. It is slightly larger than our [G/Sun], 58 times more [G/luminous], and 140 [G/light year]s away. The interesting part about Beta Pictoris showed up during an observing session with the [G/IRAS] satellite. [G/Infra-red] images revealed a clump of cool matter in orbit around this star, possibly the beginnings of a planetary system. This cool mass is only visible using infra-red imaging. Through a small telescope, look for a pinpoint of light. Alpheratz represents the head of [X/Andromeda]. It is approximately 100 [G/light year]s distant and 160 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun]. Alpha CV 2.02 - 2.06V, 0.9636 or 0.966222d. Some spectral lines vary same period, others half period, some nonvariable ALPHERATZAlp AndDelta Sct, amp. 0.03V, 0.10101d. CaphBet CasBeta C 2.80 - 2.87V, 0.1517495d. ALGENIB.Gam PegLb 4.26 - 4.46V. AE CetComponent B, 12.87v at 63", optical. 3.46 - 3.56V. Deneb Kaitos She2.75 - 2.81V. ANKAACPM with HR 127 of which both are close binaries. Also CPM with HR 136. Faint companion at 14". Alpha Cyg, 4.22 - 4.30B, 0.09028d. Kap Cas3.59 - 3.68V. AB CPM. Component C, 15.2v at 48" optical. D is 8.5v K2IV-V, vsini <54k/s. All components probably optical. Cst 2.20 - 2.27V. SHEDIRAlp CasDiphda is a slightly reddish star a little over 50 [G/light year]s away. I is approximately 40 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun] 1.96 - 2.11V. DIPHDAAB CPM. Companions probably optical. Component A of visual system, EB 3.92 - 4.14V, 17.7695d. Zet AndAB 3.45 G3V, 7.51 K4Ve, 480y, a = 11.994". Combined mag., colors. Component B, vsini =<25k/s. Companions C-H optical A possible invisible companion with period about 40y. Component B, 7.51V, +1.39(B-V), +1.03(U-B). Achird, accordinAB CPM. IRAS observations confirm IR excess and yield simple blackbody temperature of 6750 +/- 100K. ADS 782A, Gamma Cas 1.6 - 3.0v. Spectrum and color vary. Expanding circumstellar shell. High-velocity variable mass loss. Variable hydrogen emission, 0.7d. Variable SiIV, CIV, polarization. Variable X-ray source. H alpha indicates rotating disk-like envelope. Gam CasAll components optical. Possible periodicities: 19.4, 16.7, 0.95, 0.49d. Suspected occultation double, 5.2, 5.2v, sep. 0.25". A* 5.15 G5Vp, 21.43y, a = 0.186", mag. diff 2V, sep. 1.4". Subdwarf with five visual and one astrometric components. Marfak. Name shDhenebinterferometry 1983.93, sep. 0.64". MIRACHPrimary component of visual system. EA 3.92 - 4.42V, 1.6697664d, i 84.7d. Zet PheDelta Sct? Marfak. Name shCPM with HR 362 at 24". ADS 996A is close occultation double, 6.3, 6.3v, 0.05":. Component B, HR 362 is SB; C, 12.2 i 1" from B. Probably optical. Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1981.69. EA? 2.68 - 2.76V, 759d. RuchbahDel CasA* 2.0 var. F8Ib, 30.46y, a = 0.038". AB physical; B, 8.20V, +0.49(B-V), +0.16(U-B), F3V, 0.0 color excess, vsini =<60k/s; C, 13v at 43"; D, 14v at 83". Polaris is the star currently aligned with Earth's north [G/Celestial Pole] It is only the 49th brightest star in the sky. Polaris is actually a doubl star system, made up of two faint stars that are 465 [G/light year]s away CDelta 1.92 - 2.07V, 3.969778d. Period increases 53 sec./century. Probably unreddened. POLARISAlp UMi3.39 - 3.49V. Gam PheCPM. ADS 1199B, 8.0 - 11.5v? Both visual companions probably optical. Achernar is hot, blue giant star that ranks as the 9th brightest star in the sky. It is approximately 125 [G/light year]s distant and 650 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun]. EB or Ell, amp. 0.02V. H alpha var. emission and possible high-velocity mass loss. Expanding circumstellar shell. ACHERNAR.Binary with HR 487, q.v. K1V, K1.5V. Gamma Cas 4.03 - 4.11V, 19.5d. Amp. varies in per. 127d. Possible mass loss. Expanding circumstellar shell. Phi PerTorcularis SepteSecond visual component optical. Baten Kaitos.MetallahDelta Sct? SharatanSR 4.3 - 4.5V, 30d. Psi PheCPM. Binary with HR 596, q.v. Alpha CV? Alpha CV?, 3.79 - 3.83V. Although the NSV identifies the variable as HR 596, the magnitudes given are for the blend o HR 595/6; uncertain which component is the variable. AlrishaCPM with HR 604. ALMAAKHamal, the brightest star in [X/Aries], lies 67 [G/light year]s away and i 70 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun] HAMALSuspected occultation double, sep. 0.012". E?, 4.35 - 4.38V. Companion G2V? Mira is a pulsating, variable, red giant star which changes in brightness fro [G/magnitude] 3 to magnitude 9 over the course of 331 days. It i approximately 135 [G/light year]s distant AP var. M7IIIe, var. dBe, 400y, a = 0.85". The faint companion was first predicted in 1920 by Joy on the basis of a slightly displaced blue secondary spectrum. First seen by Aitken in 1923. Visible only when Mira is faint. Light variations on scale of hours superimposed by variations of 10-15 min. and rare flares of 2 min. duration. Components B 13v at 73" and C, optical. Two variables: Mira and VZ Cet. Mira, ADS 1778A, M 2.0 - 10.1v, 331.96d; var. CO emission from circumstellar envelope. Speckle interferometry indicates large abrupt variation of diameter as a function of wavelength. Hydrogen lines vary o time scale of 1-2 days. Mira was discovered to be variable by Fabricius in 1596, the first such variable discovered. ADS 1778P, Ne "Novoides" class, VZ Cet, 9.5 - 12.0v, dBe. MIRA.Omi CetVisual companion 11.7v dM6 at 165", CPM. A* 5.84 K3V, 60y, a = 0.257".. Mass of invisible companion 0.12 solar. Companion at 2" probably about 5v fainter. Unresolved by speckle interferometry. Beta C 4.05 - 4.10V, 0.16113668d. Per. changed 1965, then increased about 0.7 sec./century. Del CetAB 4.13 F7V, 9.87 M1V, 2720y, a = 22.289". C probably optical. AB binary, combined mag., colors. CPM with BD+2d418, 10.2v M6 at 840". KaffaljidhmaOccultation binary. Combined mag., color. Delta Sct? Component B, B9V, CPM, vsini 149k/s. Miram in BecvarOptical system. Delta Sct? A* 4.06 G4III+A4V, 4.150y, a = 0.050". Speckle interferometric sep. 0.080" 1981.67. Circumstellar material surroundin the pair? Visual companions 10.7v at 51" possibly physical; 11.8v at 4" possibly optical. EA, 3.94 - 4.07V. Tau PerM 4.7 - 14.3v, 401.5d, JD2412800-28900; later 407.6d. R HorAzha.Binary with HR 898. Uncertain which component var. Combined mag. HR 897/8, 2.91V; combined colors, +0.125(B-V), +0.13(U-B). ACAMAR.Lb? 2.45 - 2.54V. Spectrum var. MENKARAlp CetSKYLAB observations indicate cool star with hot companion. Components Aa, 14.65y, a = 0.159". Physical nature of B, 11m at 57", uncertain. Close to error box of X-ray source 3U0305+53. SRb 3.30 - 4.0V, about 50d with possibly slow var. in mean brightness in 1100d period. Gorgonea Tertia.Rho PerAlgol is an eclipsing variable star, meaning the light from this star appears to brighten and fade as its companion star passes in front of the star and behind it. The star's [G/magnitude] changes in brightness from mag. 2.1 to mag. 3.4, over the course of 2.8 days. Algol is approximately 100 [G/light year]s distant. A* var. B8V, 1.858y, a = 0.011" or 1.862y, a = 0.104". Apparent apsidal period 28.4y or 32y. Resolved by speckle interferometry: sep. 0.086", 2-3v fainter than primary. This may be Algol C. Four visual companions all optical: B, 12.7v at 59"; C, 12.5 at 67"; D, 10.5 at 82"; BC sep. 15"; E, 12.5v at 11" from D. One of the few known galactic radio sources in which the dominant star is normal. 21cm radio source. ADS 2362A is the prototype Algol star, first discovered as variable by Montanari in 1669. The first period determined b Goodricke in 1783, who also interpreted the variations as due to eclipses. The prototype star proves to be a more a complicated system than most of the Algol-type stars, i.e., compact triple system with separation of the components well under 0.1". The components usually designated Algol A, B, C, sometimes A, a, P. Two formerly additionally desig nated components D and E, inferred on the basis of an apparent 32 year apsidal motion, are now considered spurious. The various Algol components must not be confused with the visual components ADS 2362 B-E, optical companions at much greater distances from A. ADS 2362A, EA 2.12 - 3.40V, 2.86732442d, abrupt period changes. Orbital and rotation period synchronized. Rotational velocity 65k/s. Radio flares extending to about 1 A.U., not associated with X-ray activity. Radio flare activity appears correlated with period discontinuities, attributed to "starquakes." Mass flow from K to B component at rate of 1.8x10E-08 solar masses/year. Possible circumstellar material associated with radio or H alphD{zvrnjfca emission. ALGOLBet PerCompanion optical. Botein.3.9 F8IV, 6.5 G7V, 314y, a = 4.367". Combined mag., colors. ADS 2402B, 7.0 - 9.03v. FornacisAB binary, B is K0V. C, 11v at 40" optical. Lb? 3.57 - 3.72V. Tau4 EriMIRPHAKH alpha profile var. Astrometric binary, 25y. Unresolved by speckle interferometry. Amp. 0.04V, 0.5d. Hydrogen emission variable. Expanding circumstellar shell. Psi PerCPM? Position angles disagree by about 40d. Alpha CV? 2.98 - 3.03V, about 1d. Strong variable emission at 1650A, CaII? Del PerBinary. Combined mag., colors. Rotational velocity B, 150:k/s. Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1982.16. In interstellar ultraviolet radiation field. Ell 3.79 - 3.85V, 4.419171d, possibly half. AtikOmi PerRana in Becvar. But see HR 188. RS:, 3.51 - 3.56V, about 10d. Del EriSep. 0.062". Occultation of 1972 Mar. 19 indicated mag. diff 3.4, sep. 0.010". Electra.Primary is SB, 4.6, 6.1v, sep. 0.012". Visual pair 4.4, 8.1v, sep. 69". TaygetaSep. 0.003". Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1981.69. Duplicity questioned. Probably cst. Var. helium lines. Maia.Lc 4.35 - 4.48V, amp. 0.12p. BE CamVariable hydrogen emission. Merope.V971 TauLb? 4.38 - 4.44V. Pi EriComponent A is occultation double, sep. 0.031". B, C, D, 8.1 A0V, 8.1 Am(A5/F0/F2) and 8.7v F2V at 117" to 190". Possibly second occultation companion at 0.001", unresolved by speckle interferometry. vsini of B 155k/s. Numerous photometric determinations yield 6.3 for B component. The HD gives 8.1 for 23629 and the IDS indicates 8.1. Burnham, Double Stars, gave 7.0 vis. ALCYONE. The briComponent A SB, 4.1, 5.6, sep. 0.006" and 0.019". B, 6.8v at 0.4". Atlas.AB CPM, B 9.16V B8IV; C, 9.12V at 33" optical; D, 10.35V, +0.713(B-V), +0.20(U-B), at 92" optical; E, 9.90V, A2V, +0.33(B-V), +0.17(U-B), at 120" physical. 2.80 - 2.93V. AB CPM. B, 7.39V, -0.03(B-V), -0.52(U-B), B9.5V, vsini 300:k/s. Beta C, 2.88 - 3.00V, 0.216:d. Brightest component on visual triple. Photoelectric and spectroscopic resonant period found are submultiples of 26.9 hrs or 1.12d. Eps PerSlightly variable, possibly same period as SB. MenkibXi Per2.88 - 2.96V. ZaurakGam EriEA 3.3 - 3.80p, B3V+A, 3.952955d, i 86d. Lam TauGamma Cas 4.00 - 4.10V, 55?d. Slow var. possibly associated with emission spectrum. MX PerDelta Sct 4.00 - 4.05V, 0.0815d. Secondary per. 0.1291d. Beid.Omi1 EriA* 4.13 G0Ib, 0.778y, a = 0.019". AB CPM; B, 11.8v at 15". C , 10.25V, +0.47(B-V), +0.06(U-B), B8. ADS 3071A, 4.1 - 4.24V. BC 9.51 A2, 11.18 M4Ve, 252.1y, a = 6.943". Component B is white dwarf. Component A, CPM. ADS 3093C; UV, min. 11.18V, +1.50 (B-V), 12.16 - 13.85U. X-ray source. KeidDY EriEW? or Delta Sct? 4.23 - 4.27V, per. between 0.33 and 1.0d. Gam DorAmp. 0.1V. Hyadum I.Small amp., possible periods 0.96, 1.93, 8.5, 0.89d, with 8.5 slightly favored (Manfroid and Mathys 1985, A&AS, 59, 429). Amp. 0.1V. Hyadum II.Kappa1 Tau is occultation double. Together with Kappa2 = HR 1388 they form a multiple system of at least 6 components. Delta Sct? AB binary; C, 11v at 77" CPM. A blue straggler. Amp. 0.02U, 57.25d. Also magnetic field period. V776 TauThe visual primary is SB, 4.6, 6.5v, sep. 0.020". Component B, 12.5v at 110". Some sources calUps TauV777 TauAinCPM with HR 1412. Not clear if there are one or two occultation companions: mag. diff 3.8v, sep. 0.082", another possible mag. diff 8v, sep. 0.2". Delta Sct, amp. 0.03V (variable), 0.080d. Possibly also eclipsing. The2 TauA* 4.27 G8II+B, 28.67y, a = 0.054"(not confirmed). Known as the "red eye of the Bull'" Aldebaran is a red giant star, 40 times Larger than our Sun. It is approximately 68 [G/light year]s distant and ranks as the 13th brightest star in the sky. AB binary. B is 13.5v, dM2 at 31". CD, 122" from A is 11.2, 13.6v sep. 2" also binary but independent of AB. Lb 0.75 - 0.95V. Var. H and K emission. ALDEBARANAlp TauADS 3317A, E?, 4.23 - 4.30V. Beta C 3.4 - 3.60p, 0.17790414d, changing. Probable interference periods 0.1779 and 0.1735d with beat period of 7.0256d. Possibly also E, 103.9d. Nu EriEri, or HR 1143,Alpha CV 3.26 - 3.30V, amp. 0.10u, 2.943d. Alp DorSceptrum.Seen as double only in 1877 and 1923. SRb 4.28 - 4.36V, 30d. DM Eri4.9, 6.4 sep. 0.0005". CPM. Comp. A of double, Delta Sct? Delta Sct? Amp. 0.05V. Ell 3.66 - 3.73V, 3.700363d. Pi5 Ori4.0 - 4.15p. Hassaleh in BecvADS 3605A. A* 2.98 var. A8Iap. Five visual and one astrometric components. AB visual binary, B, 14v at 29"; C, 11.26V, +1.83(B-V), +1.31(U-B), at 43"; D, 12.0v at 46". ADS 3605A, EA 2.94 - 3.83V, 9892d. Spectrum var. even outside eclipse. RV and light fluctuations about 110d. Al AnzEps AurEA 3.70 - 3.97V, 972.164d, i 90d. Variable duration of min. Amp. depends on wavelength, 0.55B, 1.97U. K component amp. 0.05V. HaediZet AurBeta C? Hoedus II. One oCursaCandidate for becoming a Be star. Beta C 4.22 - 4.34V, 0.701538d. Both spectroscopic and new photometric data suggest period 0.70177d. Small changes i mean brightness (<0.1mag). Lam EriCPM companion G8Ve, strong lithium. Alpha CV 2.97 - 3.41V, per. about 2d. Mu LepCapella is a bright binary star system whose two stars, only 70 million mile (116 million km) apart, are too close together to be seen as individual point of light with a small telescope. This star system is approximately 4 [G/light year]s distant AP 0.6 G5III, 1.1 G0III, sep. 0.04", 0.285y, a = 0.054", masses 2.67 and 2.55 solar. Combined mag., colors. Capella i first star for which an orbit was determined from interferometer measures, by Anderson at Mt. Wilson in 1920. Speckle sep. 0.040" 1981.24 and 1981.68; 0.055" 1982.16. CPM with component H, a close binary, 10.0 dM1, 13.7 dM5 sep. 2" at 723" from A, probably physical with A. Other components all faint and distant from A. Amp. 0.03V. Variable helium and X-ray emission. CAPELLAThe bright blue giant star, Rigel, represents one of [X/Orion]'s feet. I is an extremely hot star, with a surface temperature over 7,000 degrees hotte than that of our [G/Sun]. As a result, it is over 57,000 times mor [G/luminous] than our star AxBC, CPM. BC binary, 7.6 B8II, 7.6v sep. 0.12". D, 15.4v at 44". BC also classified B5V+B5V. For B, vsini =<39k/s. 0.03 - 0.30V, 25d. Amp. at 0.58 micrometers about 0.06m. RIGELADS 4002A is SB triple system, abc with periods 9.2y and 7.989d. Speckle interferometry gives 9.219y, a = 0.036" for for ab x c. Visual components AB, binary, 3.8, 4.8v, sep. 1.650"; C, 9.4v at 115". The total mass of the quintuple system exceeds 50 solar masses, the most massive component being about 17 solar masses. EA + Beta C 3.31 - 3.60V, 3.14 - 3.35B, 7.989268d. Also sinusoidal pulsation period, amp. 0.05V, 0.30197 or 0.30145d. Eta OriBELLATRIXALNATHAB binary; C, 12.0v at 64"; D, 10.5 at 206"; E, 10.5 at 241". ADS 4066B, 7.0 - 11.0v. NIHAL4.49 B5IV, 5.82 B7V, 586y, a = 1.293". Combined mag. and colors. SRc 6.1 - 6.5p, 165d. CE TauBinary with C = HR 1851. Component B, 14.0v at 33". ADS 4134A, EA 2.14 - 2.26V, 1.94 - 2.13B, 5.732476d. Intrinsic variability also possible. MINTAKADel OriARNEB.A,B,C fixed. B is HR 1880. Colors for combined light. Blended mag., 3.39V. C is 11.2v at 29", optical; D, 11.2 at 78". Uncertain which of HR 1879 or 1880 is the variable suspect. MeissaAB fixed. B is B7IV; vsini 50k/s. Component B is NSV 2334, 7.4V. Nair al SaifAlpha Cyg 1.64 - 1.74V. ALNILAMEps OriGamma Cas 2.90 - 3.03V. Var. shell Sp. Widths H-lines vary in about 10 min. Polarization at H beta changes in tens of minutes, probably due to circumstellar matter. Zet TauCDelta 3.46 - 4.08V, 9.84200d. Period varies. Bet DorAB 4.1 O9.5V, 5.1 B0.5V, 170y, a = 0.247". Combined mag. and colors. C, 8.79V, A2V at 11" may be physical; D, 6.62V, -0.20(B-V), B2V, at 13" and E = HR 1932, at 42" CPM with A. A multiple system similar to trapezium. ADS 4241 possibl the most massive visual binary known, 35 solar masses. AB 1.88 O9.5Ib, 4.02 B2III, 1508.6y, a = 2.728". Colors for combined light. Blended magnitude 1.76V, 18 and 6 solar masses. B is HR 1949. C is 9v at 58", possibly physical. In line of sight of high-velocity interstellar cloud. ADS 4263. Uncertain which component, HR 1948 or 1949, is the variable suspect. ALNITAKIn line of sight of high-velocity interstellar cloud. Gamma Cas?, 2.62 - 2.66V. H alpha variable. Rapid variations in H beta profile. PhaetCPM with HR 1983. C, 11.0v at 45". SAIPH.Companion optical. WeznPossibly triple system. Magnitudes of separate components unknown. A*, 14.25y, a = 0.095". Probably low-mass companion. This huge star, possibly the largest known today, is a irregularly pulsating red supergiant. Its size changes from 550 to 920 times the diameter of our [G/Sun] over the course of 5 1/2 years. At its largest, this star would completely fill our inner solar system and its surface would be extremely close to Jupiter! Betelguese is 650 [G/light year]s distant. Components B-E all 11 to 14.5v at sep. 40" to 174" from A. D 13.5 at 77", optical. Speckle interferometric observation in 1983 November (Karovska et al. 1986, ApJ, 308, 360) show A to be a triple system with closer companion at 0.06" (mag. diff. 3.4 at H alpha) and more distant companion at 0.51" (mag. diff. 4.6 at H alpha). Radio star. Circumstellar shell of gas and dust. The gas shell detached from photosphere at about 5 stellar radii. Dia of optically thin dust shell possibly 1".5. Surrounded by reflection nebula. Gas shell up to 100 R, dust shell from 12 to 250 R. Highly limb darkened. ADS 4506A, SRc 0.40 - 1.3V, 2335d. Also superimposed waves 200-400d. BETELGEUSEAlp OriAB binary. C, 14.1v at 13". ADS 4556A, EA 1.89 - 1.98V, 1.93 - 2.02B, A2+A2, 3.9600421d, i 78.5d. MenkalinanBet AurRadio star. Lc 4.24 - 4.34V. Radio emission at 2.85cm indicates mass loss. Pi AurAB binary , combined mag., colors. B is 7.2v G2V. C, 11v at 49" optical. ADS 4566B. Alpha CV 2.62 - 2.70V. Amp. 0.43m at 1400A, 1.3735d. Magnetic field varies 3.618d. The AurAB 4.4 A2V, 6.0 F3V, 17.5d, a = 0.276"; ABxP, 18.25y, a = 0.089". Magnitude and colors for combined light. A is alpha CVn var., SB1, 4.45d; B is SB2, 4.78d. Component C, 14v at 18" probably optical. ADS 4617A, Alpha CV 4.10 - 4.18V. AB 4.7 G6III, 5.1 G8III, 13.17y, a = 0.19". Combined mag., colors. Component A is SB, 4.9, 6.9v, sep. 0.0013". Speckle interferometric sep. 0.128" 1982.17, 0.086" 1983.93. Component C, 13.0v at 101". Propus, a name mAB, 473.7y, a = 1.08". B is 8.8v at 1.4". A is suspected occultation double, 3.4, 5.4v, sep. 0.03". Masses A, 12.4; B, 5.5 solar. The three components are surrounded by a gaseous envelope. ADS 4841A, SRa + EA 3.15 - 3.9v, 232.9d. Deepest min. satisfy SB period 2984d. PropusEta GemE: + Delta Sct: 4.43 - 4.73V. Line widths vary 0.3d. UZ Lyn5.4 - 5.47B. Beta C? FurudLb 2.76 - 3.02V. Tejat PosteriorMu GemBeta C 1.93 - 2.00V. Prototype star. Multi-periodic: 0.25002246, 0.2513003, 49.17 and 0.23904d, others reported. Bea periods 49.198, 5.442 and 4.900d. Sp. also var. over 0.25d. MurzimBet CMaCanopus is the second brightest star in the sky. It is 116 [G/light year] away, 30 times the diameter of our [G/Sun] and 1,400 times more [G/luminous] CANOPUSAA' probably combined light and color. This may be the SB pair, 4.3, 6.0v, sep. 0.2". B, 8.5V A1V at 113", vsini 141k/s, is binary with C, 8.9v, sep. 0.2". Component P, 15.1V at 24" optical. Other components faint at 54" to 92". Triple system with HR 2357 and 2358. Combined mag., color 3.74V, -0.15(B-V), all Be stars. AB, 17000y; AC, sep. 10", 29000y. Component D, 12.2v at 26" from A. Uncertain which of components A,B,C, HR 2356,7,8 is the light variable NSV 2977, for which the mag. 3.75V is a blend of all three. Hydrogen lines var. K 30k/s. Shell line velocities do not correspond to orbital elements; may be due to gaseous ring. Beta C 4.33 - 4.36V, 0.2095755d, secondary variations. Effective temperature varies by 1400K and ratio of max. to min. radius by 1.042. Xi1 CMaA* 1.93 A0IV, 12.9y, a = 0.038". ALHENA.Beta C?, 3.16 - 3.20V. Companion 9.22V, +1.13(B-V), +0.91(U-B), K0III-IV. MebsutaOptical. Delta Sct? Alzirr.Sirius, the brightest star in our night sky, is also one of the closest star to us at only 8.7 [G/light year]s. It is 23 times more [G/luminous] than ou [G/Sun] and almost twice its diameter. It has a small companion star that i believed to be a white dwarf. The companion is difficult to see because o its closeness to Sirius AB -1.46 A1V, 8.49 A1V, 50.090y, a = 7.500" or 49.94y, a = 7.62". D, 14.0v at 32" from A. C, companion to B at 1.4" suspected but not confirmed. B is first white dwarf ever discovered; predicted by Bessel (1844) on basis of orbital motion of Sirius, it was first seen by Alvan Clark in 1862, and its peculiar high temperature, small size and great density established by W. Adams in 1925. Soft X-rays observed from Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS). Sirius B not unusual compared with other dA white dwarfs. Effective temperature about 32000K. SIRIUSGamma Cas 3.78 - 3.97V, 3.7 - 3.85B. Kap CMaFrom orbit based on IUE data, the star should be eclipsing with period 195.24d. V415 CarAB binary. C, 13v at 29" optical. D, 9.5 at 207". Lc 3.78 - 3.99V. Omi1 CMaBeta C 4.36 - 4.40v, 0.08:d. Iot CMaFixed sep. ADARALc 3.43 - 3.49V. Sig CMaComponent A is suspected occultation double, 4.5, 4.5v, sep. 0.1". B, 10.5v at 87". C, +20d1686, 7.55V, +0.62(B-V), +0 +0.07(U-B), G1V at 96" has high proper motion, 0.100", optical, vsini =<54k/s. Other components fainter. ADS 5742A, CDelta 3.62 - 4.18V, 10.15073d. Period decreasing 3.1s/y. Mekbuda.Zet GemH alpha profile changes in 30 min. or less. MuliphenWezenAB CPM. 4.3 - 4.36V. Binary with HR 2735. Combined mag. and colors, 3.63V, +0.91(B-V), +0.60(U-B), +0.48(R-I). 3.56 - 3.62V, blend with 2735. Amp. about 0.07u, 0.04v, 0.02b, 0.04y; 0.936d. QW PupGamma Cas 3.60 - 4.18V, cycles 20 - 22 hrs. Also amp. 0.06V on time scale of 5d reported. Hydrogen emission varies with period 1.3667d (possibly a rotation period). Ome CMaADS 5961A is dubious occultation double, 4.0, 5.0v, sep. 0.045". B, 10.7v at 10" is CPM. Delta Sct? AB 3.55 F0IV, 8.18 K3V, 1200y, a = 6.975". Component A is SB, 3.7, 5.7v, sep. 0.2". WasatB, 10v at 8" fixed. D, 8.22V, -0.19(B-V), -0.93(U-B), B2V at 85". 3.90 - 3.96p. Possibly same period as SB. Propus, a name mCompanion is A0V, optical, vsini =<54k/s. Aludra.Gamma Cas 2.84 - 2.92V. GomeisaBet CMiB, 12.5v at 3" CPM. CPM. Companion G5V. Binary with HR 2891. Combined colors. Castor, representing the head of the northern twin in [X/Gemini], lie approximately 49 [G/light year]s away. With the [G/naked eye], Casto appears as one bright star. With advanced astronomical instruments, it turn out that there are six stars making up this system AB 1.98 A1V, 2.88 A5Vm, 511.30y, a = 7.369 or 420.07y, a = 6.295". C, 8.8v M1Ve at 73" is physical member of sextuple system in which A,B,C are all SB. ADS 6175C at 73" from A, EA 8.91 - 9.60V, 0.81428254d = also SB period. Masses each component 0.64 solar. Both components flare stars, M1Ve + M1Ve. CASTORYY GemProcyon is the 5th brightest star in the sky and also one of the closest It is only 11.3 [G/light year]s away. It is twice the diameter of our [G/Sun and 6 times more [G/luminous] AB .35 F5IV-V, 10.3, 40.65y, a = 4.548". Binary nature first revealed in 1840 by variable proper motion; companion first seen in 1896. Component C, 11.7v at 122" optical. Delta Sct? A 0.09:d period originally attributed to the star beta CMi (HR 2845) may instead apply to Procyon, which had been used as a comparison star. PROCYONRS 4.13 - 4.29V, 19.423d. Sig GemPollux represents the head of the southern twin in [X/Gemini]. It is yellowish star, approximately 35 [G/light year]s distant. It is a littl over 4 times the diameter of our [G/Sun] and 35 times more [G/luminous] All the visual companions optical. NSV 3712 is component A, 1.10 - 1.17V, while component E is NSV 3716, 10.5v. POLLUXVar. in red and IR. Amp. 0.24R, 0.20(R-I). AzmidiskeCompanion B9V, RV -72k/s, optical. a Puppis, often Beta C or Ell?, 4.47 - 4.54V, amp. 0.07y. QZ PupSoft X-ray source. Beta C, amp. 0.015V, 0.101d. Chi CarComp. A of visual double, EB 4.74 - 5.25p, 1.4544877d, contact binary, equal components. V PupWith HR 3207, appears capable of producing most of the observed ionization of Gum Neb. Change in H alpha emission profile between 1974 and 1976 interpreted as change in rate of mass loss. NaosDelta Sct 2.68 - 2.78v, 0.14088143d. Rho PupB, 10.1v G8II at 33" optical. C is K2III. Component B of 5 stars within 2' of HR 3207. Am at 94", SB, over 7d?, optical. Low degree of polarization indicates symmetric shell. The brightest O-type star and one of only four WR stars bright enough to have been observed spectroscopically in UV by COPERNICUS. With 3165, appears capable of producing most of th observed ionization of Gum Neb. The brightest and presumably the nearest Wolf-Rayet binary. Radio emission interpreted as coming from circumstellar gas cloud extending farther than the orbital radius of the binary. 1.6 - 1.8V, 154 sec. Sp. var. in about 200 sec. Variability too great to be explained by the 78.5d SB companion. Possibly a third close companion: a collapsed star of less than 2 solar masses. Suhail al MuhlifGam2 VelNS PupCPM. AltarfAlsciaukatE? 1.82 - 1.94V, 3.57 - 3.83p, 785:d. Avior.B is 15v at 7", CPM. C and D optical. 3.3 - 3.8V, 358d. Also 0.05d, amp. 0.02V. MuscidaAl Minliar al ShBeta C 3.56 - 3.67V, 0.131977d. Omi VelBeta C 4.27 - 4.33V, 0.17d. Eta HyaBeta C 4.3 - 4.33V, amp. 0.04B. V343 CarAP, suspected double, unresolved by speckle interferometry. Visual companion 12.2v at 38" optical. Asellus AustraliBinary with HR 3474. Probably NSV 4238. AB 3.8 G5III, 4.7 A8IV or F0V, 15.05y, a = 0.238". Speckle interferometric sep. 0.263-0.272", 1980-3. Combined mag., colors. ABxC, 3.4, 7.8, dF7 at 3" from AB, 890y, a = 4.536". Component D, 12.7v at 19" from A, in hyperbolic orbit about ABC, periastron distance, 29". Eps HyaCPM. Gamma Cas 4.4 - 4.50V. Variable H alpha. V344 CarCPM. BC 10.8, 11.0, 39.69y, a = 0.68". BC is dM1. BCxA: 817.91y, a = 9.092". Separation rapidly decreasing. ADS 7114Aa, 11.02y, a = 90.354". This is the SB pair. ADS 7114A, S, 3.12 - 3.18V, 0.071d. TalithaAcubensAB 4.11 F5V, 6.18 G5V, 21.85y, a = 0.619". Combined mag., colors. Companions C - E optical. Masses A, 1.13; B, 0.84 solar. 4.2 A0IV-V, 4.4 A0V, 70.1y, a = 0.27" or 64.29y, a = 0.26". Mag., colors for combined light. Young disk population. Lc 2.14 - 2.22V. AlsuhailLam VelE 3.41 - 3.44V, 3.20 - 3.56p, 0.05R, 6.751154d. a Car.V357 CarHelium var.? Balmer lines show quasi periodic var. in cycles of about 35 min. Miaplacidus.AB binary. 2.2 - 2.5:v. TuraisAB binary. NSV 4478 is ADS 7351B, 9.5 - 11.5v. Al Minliar al AsThird UHURU Catalogue suggests Kappa Vel as optical counterpart of 3U0918-55, but HR 3717 is much closer. Alphard, the "Dragon's Heart" in the [G/constellation] of [X/Draco], has a reddish tint to it. This slightly variable star lies approximately 140 [G/light year]s away. ALPHARDAB binary. C, 10.5v at 100", optical. Delta Sct, amp. 0.07B, about 2 hrs. Sp. var., 7 - 12d. Alterf.4.1 F2IV, 4.6 F0V, 33.99y, a = 0.795". Combined mag., colors. Comp. B, 4.5 - 5.1v. L? 3.10 - 3.16V. N VelBinary? Amp. 0.033y, 18.0d, possibly due to rotational modulation. Component B, 9.9v at 85". Subra.Cep amp. 0.1V, period a few days. Ras Elased AustrCDelta 3.28 - 4.18V, 35.53584d. Period varies. l CarCPM. Delta Sct 3.77 - 3.86V, 0.133d, amp. and form of light curve vary. Ups UMaCPM with HR 3891. Mag. and colors for combined light, 2.96V, +0.27(B-V), +0.12(U-B), +0.29(R-I). Companion K0III, optical. Delta Sct? 4.47 - 4.52V, about 0.1d. CPM. Regulus, the heart of [X/Leo], is the star at the base of the "Sickle o Leo". It is approximately 75 [G/light year]s distant. It has a smal companion star which lies approximately 4,660 [G/A.U.]'s from Regulus AB binary, B, 8.13V, +0.86(B-V), +0.51(U-B), K1V. BC, 7.6, 13.1v, 2000y, a = 4.163". REGULUSVisual companions both optical. Primary unresolved by speckle interferometry 1982.17. AdhaferaTania Borealis. Lc? 3.36 - 3.44V. V337 CarAB 2.22 K0IIIP, 3.47 G7III, 618.56y, a = 2.505". B is HR 4058. Colors for combined light. Mag. for blend, 1.90V. Component C is the flare star AD Leo (8.07-11.00B) at 5', optical. Originally confused with eclipsing star Y Leo when var. suspect number 6777 was assigned in 1965. Now HR 4057 is again suspected of variability, 1.84 - 2.03V for combined HR 4057/8. Uncertain which component is the variable. ALGIEBASee HR 4057. E?, 2.99 - 3.33V. Tania Australis.4.40 G8III-IV, 6.12 F8V, 37.92y, a = 0.340". Combined mag., colors. 3.79 - 3.83V. 4.4, 4.8v, sep. 0.11"; combined mag., colors. Old disk population runaway star. Alpha Cyg 3.83 - 3.90V. Rho LeoGamma Cas 3.27 - 3.37V. PP Car4.2 F3IV+F0V, 5.1 A6V, 16.30y, a = 0.340". Probably CPM. B is B8. C, 11.2v at 20" from B. Spectrum var., 1.7788d. Discussion of earlier suspected period of 0.7045d given by Walborn (1979, PASP, 91, 442). vsini 202k/s. High speed mass ejection. 2.7 G5III, 6.4 G2V, 116.24y, a = 1.437". Secondary also classified F8:V:. Old disk population runaway star. Praecipua.3.76 - 3.80V. Alkes.MERAKwith HD 95638 = GC 15179, 7.12V F8; SB, 6.04d. ADS 8035A; B also var. suspect NSV 5071, too close to primary to be certain of variability. DUBHEDelta Cep? 3.84 - 4.02V. V382 CarDelta Sct? ZosmaChortBinary with HR 4375, q.v. Blend of 4374-5. Amp. 0.03V. orbit determined, in 1828 by Savary. Third component astrometric with A, 1.832y, a = 0.055". See HR 4374. Alula Australis.Alula Borealis.4.3 B5VN, 5.0 B6V, 39.18y, a = 0.277". Combined mag., colors. 4.03 F2IV, 6.70 G3V, 192.0y, a = 1.92"; possible subsystem with period about 16y. Combined mag., colors. Combined mass about 3 Suns. Delta Sct? SR, 3.78 - 3.86V, about 1100d. GianfarCompanion B9V, optical. Duplicity doubtful. Amp. 0.08V. Amp. 0.04V? Representing [X/Leo]'s tail, Denebola lies 40 [G/light year]s away and i approximately 20 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun] B, 15.7v at 40" physical; C, 13v at 80" optical. Delta Sct?, 2.09 - 2.16V. DENEBOLABet LeoZavijahThe reality of the companion, CF UMa, announced by P. van de Kamp (see Low Luminosity Stars, ed. S. S. Kumar, p. 199, 1968) has been questioned (PASP, 96, 557, 1984). Unresolved by speckle interferometry 1980.47. Companion of Groombridge 1830, UV? 8.5-12v. Groombridge 1830Bet HyaPHADUnresolved by speckle interferometry 1982.17. CPM with HR 4619, 4621. H alpha varies. CPM with HR 4618, 4619. Gamma Cas 2.51 - 2.65V. Expanding circumstellar shell. Del CenAlchibaMinkar.Beta C 2.78 - 2.84V, 2.25 - 2.31p, 0.151038d. Expanding circumstellar shell. Del CruMEGREZOld disk population runaway star. Expanding circumstellar shell. Gienah GhurabSRb? 3.99 - 4.31V, 40d. Eps MusOld disk population runaway star. 4.2 - 4.24v. Companion G8III, optical. 4.9, 5.4, sep. 0.008". Also astrometric and interferometric double, 5.4v sep. 0.124", position angle changed 35d in 1.5yrs. Delta Sct? Zaniah.I? 3.4 - 4.0v. AB 1.35 B0.5IV, 1.75 B3n or B0.5Vn, q = 0.916". Mag. and colors for blend of HR 4730-31, 0.76V, -0.25(B-V), -1.00(U-B) -0.24(R-I). Masses 14 and 10 solar for hyperbolic orbit with periastron distance 61 AU. Possibly X-ray source 2U1223-62. Acrux is a bright binary star system whose combined light makes Acrux the 14th brightest star in the sky. It is about 400 [G/light system is much larger than our [G/Sun] (14 and 10 solar masses respectively). ACRUX.Possibly X-ray source 2U1223-62. CPM. B is K2Ve, lithium strong. ADS 8572A. AlgorabI? Amp. 0.30p. Gacrux.Chara is the name assigned either to this star or, more generally, to the "southern hound" of the constellation Canes Venatici; the northern "hound" is called Asterion, a name not generally assigned any particular star. Beta CVn amp. 0.05V. CharaGamma Cas 3.82 - 4.10V. H alpha and H beta emission vary period about 30d. H alpha profile changes in 1 min. or less Kap DraCompanion B4V, optical. Beta C 2.68 - 2.73V, 2.17 - 2.24p, 0.0903d. Alp MusAB 2.9 A0III, 2.9 A0III, 84.50y, a = 0.930". Combined mag., colors. AB 3.48 F0V, 3.50 F0V, 171.37y, a = 3.746". Speckle interferometric sep. 3.674", 1982.38. Combined mag. 2.75V. Colors for combined light. Component C, 15v at 53", optical. Amp. 0.02V. Blend with 4826. Uncertain which component is the variable suspect. Porrima3.7 B2V, 4.0 B3V, 383.12y, a = 1.735". Combined mag., colors. Interferometer measures indicate close double or multiple star. Component B, 11.4v, F8V, optical; C, 7.5v, B8. Beta C 1.23 - 1.31V, multiple periods, 0.2365072d, 0.160474d, 0.121383d, 6d, 7 - 8y and others. BecruxBet CruCPM with HR 4899. Alpha CV 1.76 - 1.79V, 5.0887d. Spectrum variable. Photometric var. due to UV absorption from overabundant metals. ALIOTHEps UMaAuvaBinary with HR 4915. ADS 8706A, Alpha CV 2.84 - 2.98V, 2.78 - 2.81B, 5.46939d. The prototype star. Var. magnetic field with same rotation period. COR CAROLI.Alp2 CVnVINDEMIATRIXCPM companion F7V. A is SB and speckle interferometric binary, third component 9.4v, sep. 7.1". B, 8.00V, +0.20(B-V), -0.09(U-B), CPM. AB 5.05 F5V, 5.08 F5V, 25.87y, a = 0.662". Colors, spectrum for combined light. Mag. of blended HR 4968, 4969 is 4.32V. ADS 8804A speckle interferometric sep. 0.43" 1978.40, 0.58" 1981.47. Var. of combined light with HR 4969 not confirmed, but 90d inclination of orbit indicates eclipses possible. Diadem.Aa = AP 3.0 A2V, 3.0 A2V, sep. 0.0115", 0.056y, a = 0.012". Combined mag., colors AP. Binary with HR 5055. Alcor, HR 5062, at 709", CPM. MIZARSpica is the 16th brightest star in the sky. It is a binary star syste that lies 142 [G/light year]s away. The largest of the two stars is almos 11 times more massive than the [G/Sun], while the second star is approximatel 7 times the mass of our star Interferometer indicates visual component A is multiple system. Occultations yield three companions: 3.1v at 0.0025", 4.5 at 0.05" and 7.5 at 0.5". Combined mag. and colors. Visual component B, 12.0v at 148". Ell (Beta C) 0.97 - 1.04V, 4.01454d, and Beta C, 0.1737853d. Period changes. SPICAAlp VirCPM with HR 5054-5. Delta Sct. ALCOR4.5 G8III, 4.7 G9III, 78.7y, a = 0.165". Combined mag., colors. Heze.Companion B1p, optical. Beta C 2.30 - 2.31V, 0.169608, 0.17696 or 0.2150d. Multi-periodic. Eps CenDelta Sct? Amp. 0.02V. Binary, period several centuries. Companion M2. Delta Sct? 4.40 - 4.58V. Beta C?, 3.40 - 3.43V, 3.48 - 3.52R, 0.175d. Nu CenAlkaid is located at the end of the [G/Big Dipper]'s handle. It is about 93 [G/light year]s distant. ALKAIDV806 CenGamma Cas 2.92 - 3.43V, 3.535d. Variable H alpha. Expanding circumstellar shell. R and I mags. decreased by about 0.3m between 1965 and 1983. Variable line profiles. Mu CenExpanding circumstellar shell. A* 2.68 G0IV. Visual component 8.8v at 113" optical. MufridExpanding circumstellar shell. B is G type, optical. Hadar, a bright, hot star, is the 10th brightest star in the sky. It is ove 360 [G/light year]s away and has a companion star that is difficult to se with a small telescope Beta C? Amp. 0.07V, 0.157d, modulation 352d. Line profiles also vary per. 0.157d. HADAR.Bet CenAmp. 0.020B, 0.035d. Chi CenMenkent.Thuban is the bright star located halfway between the bowl of the [G/Littl Dipper] and the second star of the handle of the [G/Big Dipper]. It i approximately 180 [G/light year]s distant and 135 times more [G/luminous than our [G/Sun]. 4,800 years ago, Thuban was aligned with Earth's Nort [G/Celestial Pole], making it our North Star Alpha CV?, 3.64 - 3.67V. THUBAN4.06 - 4.11V Syrma.Arcturus is the fourth brightest star in the sky. It is 25 times the diameter of our [G/Sun] and 115 times more [G/luminous]. It is only 37 [G/light year]s away. High space velocity? H and K emission vary. ARCTURUSSX Ari 4.38 - 4.43V, 8.814d for light, He, magnetic field; light and mag. field max. correspond to He min. Sp. from B2 to B7IV in per. 8.8172d. Var. possibly due to rotation of inhomogeneous surface; possibly prolate spheroid. V761 CenBinary. Combined mag., colors. CPM. Asellus Primus.Primary found double by speckle interferometry, sep. 0.069". Component B, optical. Delta Sct 3.02 - 3.07V, 3.23 - 3.28B, 3.20 - 3.25p, 0.2903137d. Hydrogen and Ca lines vary. SeginusGam BooInnes catalogue indicated a faint companion at 6" in 1897, not subsequently seen. Gamma Cas 2.30 - 2.41V, 1.83 - 1.95p. H alpha variable, H beta sometimes bright, sometimes dark and double or multiple. Variability shows evidence of mass loss. Amp. 0.07V on time scale 1d suspected. Eta CenDelta Sct? S, amp. 0.1:V, 0.20U. Expanding circumstellar shell. AB 79.920y, a = 17.515". B = HR 5460, CPM with Proxima at 2.2d, discovered by Innes in 1915, a flare star, V 645 Cen, 12.4 - 13.4p, 11.10V, +1.88(B-V), +2.05(R-I), M5.5Ve. RIGEL KENTAURUSAmp. 0.03V. Magnetic var., about 4 months. Pulsation period 6.8 min? Alp CirBeta C 2.29 - 2.34V, 0.2598466d. Period varies. Possible secondary period 3.145d. Modulation period 10y? Alp LupAB 4.52 A2III, 4.55 A2III, 123.44y, a = 0.595". Colors for combined HR 5477-5478. Combined mag. 3.78V. vsini 156k/s for blended HR 5477-8. Binary with HR 5505. Colors for combined light. Mag. of blend, 2.37V. IZARBinary. Zuben ElgenubiAB 4.74 G8V, 6.9 K4V, 151.505y, a = 4.904". Combined mag., colors. Masses 0.89 and 0.74 solar. Perturbation period 2.2y, a = 0.020" suspected; unresolved by speckle interferometry. Component C optical. BY? 4.52 - 4.67V, 10.137d. KOCABAB 5.79 K4V, 7.93 M2V, q = 20.388" hyperbolic orbit. Component B is dM2. 2.9 - 2.95B. NekkarSRb 3.20 - 3.46V, 20d. Sig Lib4.6 B3V, 4.9 B3V, 72.88y, a = 0.422". Combined mag., colors. CPM with HR 5647. CPM. B is F8. Nearly same proper motion as HR 5646, 5647. CPM. Described by Eratosthenes (ca. 200 B.C.) as brighter than Antares, by Ptolemy (ca. 150 A.D.) as equal to Antares. Zuben ElschemaliBeta C 3.21 - 3.24V, 0.16547d; 0.14273d also possible. Del LupVar? Amp. 0.015b. Probably binary with HR 5734, a close binary ADS 9626BC. Delta Sct? AlkaluropsDelta Sct? Amp. 0.03V. Hydrogen and CaII variable. PherkadGam UMiEd AsichAlpha CV 3.65 - 3.72V, 18.487d. Magnetic field and rotation same period. Variable H alpha. Amp., light, magnetic field, spectrum vary per. 10.5y. Possible secondary light period of 240d. Nusakan.Bet CrBCompanion A5. 3.5 B2IV-V, 3.6 B2IV-V, 147y, a = 0.59". Combined mag., colors. Component A is NSV 7134, 4.12V, amp. 0.7m. However, 1300 UBV observations on 57 nights (1984-6) revealed no variation over 0.06 mag. R-I also found at -0.16. Component B, the rarely seen companion, is NSV 7135, 5.5, 7.8v. ADS 9704 AP, sep. 0.097", unresolved by speckle interferometry. Component B, 11.2v at 42", optical. Zuben ElakrabDelta Sct 4.20 - 4.25V, 0.134d. Fourier analysis of 1975 and 1979 data shows frequencies of 6.4227 and 7.8869 cycles/ or periods 0.1557 and 0.1268d. Del SerAlphekka is the brightest star in [X/Corona Borealis]. It lies approximately 75 [G/light year]s distant and is about 45 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun]. EA 2.21 - 2.32B, 17.359907d. Possibly also intrinsic var. ALPHEKKAAlp CrB4.08 A0IV, 5.51 A3V, 91.0y, a = 0.74". Combined mag., color. Delta Sct 3.80-3.86V, 0.030d. Mass 1.9 solar. Possibly beat period? Gam CrBSR? Amp. 0.2V. ADS 9765B, optical. UNUKALHAIB, 9.72V, +0.84(B-V), +0.68(U-B), K3V, CPM. C, 10.7v at 201". Also CPM with BD+15d2906 at 1642", itself a double, 8.4, 10.5v sep. 6". Delta Sct? Companions optical? Primary is SB, 3.4, 6.4v sep. 0.0003"; third component, ADS 9862B, 12.2v at 50". vsini both A and B =<100k/s. Component B, F4V, optical. Possible X-ray source 3U1555+27. Possible quadruple system: SB 3.0, 5.0v, sep. 0.00001", 3.3v at 0.1", and 4.9v at 0.186". DschubbaVisual companion doubtful. Nr 2.0 - 10.8v, 29000d? Outbursts 1866 and 1946. V and B-V for 1946 maximum. Near maximum 9.88V, +1.40(B-V), +0.59(U-B). T CrBCompanion optical. CPM with HR 5985 = ADS 9913C, at 14" and with B, 5.9v at 0.5", possibly SB. Lunar occultations and speckle interferometry indicate companions 4.2v at 0.001" from A and 7.6v at 0.129" from C. Occultations by Jupiter and Io in 1971 indicate complex system. Component C occulted by Io revealed the 2.5 mag. fainter companion at 0.1". GraffiasAmp. 0.02(b-y). Alpha CV?, 4.23 - 4.27V, amp. 0.015U, 7.832d, symmetric light curve. ADS 9951A is SB, 4.9, 6.9v, sep. 0.0003". AB, binary. Component B, 6.9v at 1". Components CD at 41" = HR 6026, q.v. HR 6026, q.v. Jabbah.Yed PriorYed Posterior.B, 8.26V, +0.25(B-V), -0.23(U-B), B9.5V at 20", optical; vsini : 54k/s. The visual primary is triple: SB, 3.3, 5.3v, sep. 0.0005" and 5.5v at 0.49", discovered by occultation. Beta C 2.94 - 3.06B. Multiple periods, 0.2468429, 0.239671, 8.2, and 33.1d. Surrounded by HII region. Primary period varies in period of 23.2y with an amp. of 0.7 sec. Occultations indicate the variable has a 2.2 mag. fainter companion at 0".49. The duplicity had been suspected from occultations as early as 1860. Orbital period probably over 112 yrs. UV observations indicate temperature varies by 2510K and ratio max. to min. radius by 1.095. AlniyatSig ScoADS 10010AB, 6700y. 3.85 - 3.90V. ADS 10022B, 9.58v, optical. Companion 7.46v B9V, CPM, possibly binary with the SB. Gamma Cas 4.18 - 5.0V. Long term variation in emission lines. Variable polarization. R-I also found at +0.09 and +0.11. Chi OphADS 10058A, var. suspect NSV 7713; ADS 10058B, var. suspect NSV 7712, 8.8v, dK2, amp. about 2v. This bright red supergiant star has a diameter of 600 million miles (1,000 million km), making it almost 700 times larger than our [G/Sun]. This star is in its final stages of life. Once it has used up all the fuel in its core, Antares, will explode in a [G/supernova] explosion. What's left of the star will form either a [G/pulsar] or a [G/black hole]. Antares is 135 [G/light year]s away. Var. M1Ib, 5.5 B2.5V, 878y, a = 2.90", masses 15.5 and 7.0 solar. Companion is radio source. SKYLAB confirms cool star hot companion. ADS 10074A, SRc 0.88 - 1.8V, 1733d. Possibly considerably fainter before 150 A.D.: see HR 5685. ANTARESAlp ScoKornephorosMarficAlpha CV, 4.45 - 4.51V, 1.79 or 4.67d. Ome Ophdouble-lined. Resolved by speckle observations 1986.45 (Blazit et al. 1987, A&AS, 71, 57). COPERNICUS observations of CO indicate a SN remnant near Zeta Oph which may have caused Zeta Oph to become a runaway star. Gamma Cas 2.56 - 2.58V. Spectrum var.: UV spectra in 1972 indicated mass outflow probably related to formation of shell. Evidence disappeared in 1974. H alpha in absorption 1971, emission 1973. Rotational period 19.7 hrs. Zet OphADS 10157AB, 2.90 F9IV, 5.53 G7V, 34.49y, a = 1.355". ADS 10157A*, 10.5y, a = 0.08". ADS 10157A is var. suspect NSV 7915. Companion questioned. CPM with HR 6252 at 346". EB 2.80 - 3.08B, 1.44026907d. Semi-detached system. Mu1 ScoCPM with 6247 at 346". 3.6 - 3.64V. Lb? 3.14 - 3.20V, 4.1 - 5.0p. Kap OphEA 4.22 - 4.28V, 39.4809d. Eps UMiAB 3.0 A2V, 3.5 A3V, 88y, a = 0.86". Combined mag., colors. Sabik.AldhibahBinary with HR 6402, q.v. CPM with CoD-26d12036, 6.34v K5V at 700", same parallax. +0.44(R-I). AB, 3600y, a = 4.68". Component B is HR 6407. Combined colors. Combined mag. 3.08V. Mass A, 14 solar. Other components faint, optical. Circumstellar lines around both A, B. ADS 10418A. Discovered by W. Herschel in 1795. SRc 3.0 - 4.0v. 6-yr. period superimposed by variations 50 - 155d. Surrounded by envelope of 2x10E+05 solar radii, expanding 10k/s, mass loss 3x10E-08 solar masses/y. RASALGETHIAlp HerSee HR 6406. ADS 10424B, dG4, optical. Sarin.AB 5.53 G8V, 8.65 M0V, 693.24y, a = 10.415", or 2205y, a = 23.90". Various published orbits range from 242 to 2205y. Combined mag., colors. AB 6.1 K3V, 7.6 K5V, 42.177y, a = 1.734" or 42.09y, a = 1.82", combined mag., colors. Component C, 9.9v M2, 32" physical. D, 12.8v at 15". Amp. 0.04. Beta C 3.25 - 3.31V, multi-periodic 0.140531 and others ranging from 0.0464 to 0.1399d. The OphPossibly CPM and same RV as HR 6462, 50'N. Component B, A7V; C is optical. Companion K0III, optical. Lesath2.76 - 2.90V. MaasymBeta C 1.59 - 1.65V, 0.2137015d, secondary 0.1068518d, beat period 10.1605d. Also possible 0.04V eclipse. X-ray flare observed in vicinity Lambda Sco on 1 June 1975. SHAULA.Lam ScoRastaban1.90 - 1.94V? Sargas.A* 2.08 A5III, 8.5y, a = 0.065". Resolved by speckle interferometry. Delta Sct? RASALHAGUEVisual companion optical. Delta Sct?, 3.52 - 3.54V. Beta C 2.39 - 2.42V, 0.1998303d, 0.205430, 7.3316, 0.189512 and 2.591d. Kap ScoOmi SerBeta C?, amp. 0.01V. Iot HerPossibly close double. CebalraiBC 10.3 dM4, 10.8, 43.20y, a = 1.360". This close pair forms a wider physical binary with component A. GrumiumPossibly 5 yr. period in He 10830 emission. Amp. 0.08V. He 10830 variable. ETAMINSRd? 4.38 - 4.48V, 29:d. However, more recent photoelectric observations cast doubt on variability. Nu HerComponent B, 13.7v F? at 7", optical. AC fixed. C, 8.12V, -0.02(B-V), -0.57(U-B), B1V, vsini 130k/s. Binary. ADS 10990B? 8.0 - 10.0v. NashAB 4.20 K0V, 5.99 K4V, 88.13y, a = 4.545". B is 6.00V, +1.15(B-V), vsini =<25k/s. Aitken listed 9 additional faint companions within 180". Discordance in designations of components between ADS and IDS. We accept IDS. Component B, in notes to ADS 11076 not assigned letter: doubtful, sep. 0.1" if real. C, 14v at 25" CPM. D = ADS C, 11v at 54" optical. Gamma Cas 3.81 - 3.9B, 4.1 - 4.2p. Omi HerCompanion A6V, optical. ADS 11169A is SB, 4.1, 7.0v, sep. 0.011". Closest visual companion is B, 11.5v, B9III at 17"; C is 13.5v at 26"; D, 9.9v, B3; E, 9.4v, B2V, physical, vsini 184k/s. ADS 11169A, EA 3.79 - 3.92V, 180.45d. Also irregular changes in brightness. Mu SgrLb 3.08 - 3.12V. Eta SgrPrimary of visual double and a suspected astrometric binary. Kaus MeridionaliKAUS AUSTRALIS.Kaus Borealis.4.4, 6.1v, 271.7y, a = 0.392". Alpha CV, amp. 0.04V, 1.71646d. Same rotation period. Phi DraA* 3.57 F7V, 0.768y, a = 0.124". Masses 1.5 and 1.1 Suns. Shortest known period for astrometric binary. Speckle interferometry indicates component A is binary, sep. about 0.1". B, 12v K1V at 149"; C, 13.5v at 10". Amp. 0.10V. Vega is the westernmost star of the Summer Triangle. It is the fift brightest star in the sky and is approximately 25 [G/light year]s distant It is over 2 1/2 times the diameter of the [G/Sun] Companions in IDS optical. BD=+38d3231, 8.6v, 23' N. prec., may be CPM. Delta Sct -0.02 to +0.07V, 0.19d. VEGAAlp Lyr4.1, 4.1v, sep. 0.13", doubtful. AB 5.00 A2n, 6.10 A4n, 1165.6y, a = 2.78". Binary with HR 7052 = B, and CPM with HR 7053-4 at 208". Combined mag. and colors for HR 7051-2 are 6.48V, +0.19(B-V), +0.04(U-B). CPM with HR 7057 = ADS 11639D. Other components optical. Delta Sct? All companions probably optical. Gamma Cas 3.4 - 4.3V. Lam PavAB fixed. B is 8.6v, B7v; may be collapsed star; vsini 120k/s. E, 9.9v A8pSr or B9V at 67" optical? F, 9.9v A8-9V o or B9V at 86". A, B, E and F are CPM. ADS 11745A, EB 3.25 - 4.36V, 12.913834d. Period varies. Presumed disk around secondary. Also radio flare activity. Prototype Beta Lyrae type, discovered by Goodricke in 1874. SheliakBet LyrKap PavInterferometer measures indicate multiple star. NUNKISRc? 4.22 - 4.33V. Del2 LyrSRb 3.88 - 5.0V, 46.0d. R LyrDeneb el OkabSulafatAB 3.2 A2III, 3.4 A2V, 21.138y, a = 0.532". Ascella.Delta Sct, amp. 0.05V, 0.04B, 0.097d. Polaris AustraliDeneb el OkabAlfecca MeridianAB, combined mag., colors, sep. 0.093". Third component 6.0v at 0.4". AlbaldahB is A0, optical. Aladfar.Nodus SecundusCPM. Companion A5V; vsini 129k/s, optical? Arkab PriorSep. 0.036". Questionable occultation double. Delta Sct 3.90 - 3.93V, 0.050d. Rho1 SgrArkab PosteriorComponent A astrometric binary, A* 3.36 F0IV, 3.422y, a = 0.058"; unresolved by speckle interferometry. Delta Sct? Proper motion slightly variable? Secondary K0. Anser (rarely usLocated at the head of [X/Cygnus] the swan, Albireo is a unique binary star system that lies about 190 [G/light year]s away. One star in this system is a yellow star while the second star is a hotter, blue type star. 7270.2y, a = 62.90". Binary with HR 7418. vsini of B-type component of ADS 12540A 50:k/s. Component C, 11v at 50". Two additional components of A resolved by speckle interferometry: Aa 1981.70, sep. 0.42"; Ap 1978.41, sep. 0.12" and 1979.46, sep. <0.08". ALBIREO.B and C optical. AlsafiAB CPM. B, 13v at 3". C, optical. Companions B and C optical. ShamSee HR 7503. TARAZEDAB 2.91 B9.5III, 6.33 F1V, 827.6y, a = 3.20". ADS 12880A is NSV 12381, 2.85 - 2.89V. Component B is NSV 12380, 6.5 ->8.5v. Suspected visual double probably single image, composite spectrum. Secondary either B6 or A0V. Amp. 0.09p. Del SgeAltair is the southernmost star of the Summer Triangle. The 12th brightest star in the sky, Altair is only 16 [G/light year]s from us. This star rotates extremely fast, once every 6 1/2 hours. For comparison, our [G/Sun] rotates once every 25-30 days. Component B optical. ALTAIRDiscovered by Kirch in 1686. M 3.3 - 14.2v. Period changes: 1686-1842, 405.88d; subsequently 408.05d. Variable CO emission from circumstellar envelope and enhancement of shell at minimum light. Total visual absorption o shell = 2 mag. Variable SiO maser source. Appreciable reddening at ascending light. Chi CygDiscovered by Pigott in 1784. CDelta 3.50 - 4.30V, 7.176641d. Period changes. Variable He 10830 in emission and absorption. Eta AqlBinary, companion K5III (AJ, 82, 431, 1977). However, Buscombe points out that the companion is F6V and this is more consistent with the magnitude difference between the components, if physical. Tyl.AB binary. B 12v dM3 at 13". ADS 13110A, amp. 0.05V. ALSHAINAB CPM. B, 12v at 7". Other components optical. 3.52 - 3.65V. AB CPM. B, 11v dM5, sep. 6.6". Wroclaw contr. no. 16 gives mag. differences but no sep. for four components: AB 5.4v, AC 5.15, and AD 4.0. Possible misidentification? Discovered by John Herschel as simply double. Components C and D apparently first listed by van Albada at Lembang in 1958; only magnitudes and no separations were indicated. Component C, 6.99V, -0.14(B-V), -0.58(U-B) B5V, vsini : 25k/s, at 107" fixed. AP probably single star. ADS 13554A, EA 3.77 - 3.88V, 3784.3d. Amp. varies strongly with wavelength. C = NSV 12931, 6.98V. V695 CygDelta Sct? See note for HR 7754. ADS 13632B, 14v at 44"; C, 9.6v K5III, at 45" physical, vsini =<54k/s. D, 14.3v at 29" from C. Prima GiediOriginally called Omicron2 Cyg in GCVS, the name has been changed to V1488 Cyg because of much confusion as to which star is Omicron1, which Omicron2. See HR 7730. EA 3.90 - 4.14V, 1147.4d. Period varies. Light var. outside eclipse. The K component may be slightly intrinsically variable. V1488 Cyg7754 = ADS 13645. Hence, we have recorded n = 9 for both. ADS 13645AB optical; BC 11.2, 11.5v, sep. 1.2" binary. Secunda GiediComplex system with HR 7775, q.v. Component B, vsini 97k/s. Occultations indicate component A is multiple system: 4.0 4.3v sep. 0.0002", 4.8v at 0.022" and 6.7v at 0.0001". A also suspected astrometric binary, 3.07 F8V. Possibly also two faint 13v components at 112" discovered by John Herschel. Dabih. Beta1 = DBC, 9.2, 10.2v sep. 17.6". Peacock.No physical relation between the radio components and the star. No demonstrable connection between Gamma Cyg and the so-called Gamma Cygni supernova remnant. SadrDeneb DulfimAB 4.0 F5IV, 4.9 F5IV, 26.65y, a = 0.475" or 26.60y, a = 0.480". Speckle interferometry gives sep. 0.58" and with SB data leads to masses 2.2 and 1.8 solar. Combined mag., colors. Components C-E optical. RotanevOptical. Companions optical. SualocinDeneb is the easternmost star in the Summer Triangle. It is a blue/whit supergiant star that is 60,000 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun] although it is only 25 times more massive. It lies 1,600 [G/light year]s away Alpha Cyg 1.21 - 1.29V. Change in H:H epsilon. No emission recorded before 1944. DENEBAlp CygDelta Sct 4.39 - 4.49V, 0.135547 and 0.154991d. Combined magnitude of two components. Del DelSee HR 7947. Gienah CygniEN Aqr9.1v A2 companion. AB 5.22 K5V, 6.04 K7V, 722y, a = 24.65". B is HR 8086. Aa x P, 4.9y, a = 0.014". Astrometric measures indicate 3 invisible companions, periods 6, 7 and 12y. Unresolved by speckle interferometry. Suspected planetary companion not substantiated. Proper motions for HR 8085 and 8086 taken from Luyten LHS. SAO has only one entry (component A?), but appears to give the mean position of A and B. 5.19 - 5.27V, 350 - 400d. ADS 14636B, Is, 6.02 - 6.09V. White dwarf companion. AB 5.2 F7V, 5.3 F7V, 5.70y, a = 0.26". Combined mag., colors. Component C, 9.5v at 48" optical. AB 3.82 F0IV, 6.42 G1V, 49.80y, a = 0.85". Components C, 13v at 29" and P, 12v at 72", both optical. Q, 12v at 90", physical. R, 13v at 90", CPM. Delta Sct 3.65 - 3.84V. 2-3 hrs.? Possibly variable period. Tau CygKitalphaCompanion A7V or G0V. H alpha profile varies. AB CPM; 79000?y. Component B, 10.0v G8.5V, probably optical. 4.28 - 4.50V. Ups CygADS 14858A, Delta Sct?, 2.41 - 2.47V. ALDERAMINAB CPM. Companion K0V. Both companions optical. SadalsuudADS 15032AB, 50y. B, 7.84V, +0.18(B-V), +0.06(U-B), A2.5V, vsini 60:k/s. Third component discovered by speckle interferometry, mag. diff about 4v. Sep. 0.025". Possible circumstellar material. ADS 15032A, Beta C 3.16 - 3.27V, 0.1904881d, modulation period 10.893d. SiIV and CIV vary. Satellite UV obs. indicate temp. varies 1340d, max./min. radius 1.038. AlfirkBet CepA* 3.76 K0III, 2.84y, a = 0.052". Nashira.Enif represents the nose of [X/Pegasus]. This slightly reddish star i 540 [G/light year]s away and over 5,000 times more [G/luminous than our [G/Sun] ADS 15268AB optical. 0.7 - 3.5V. 1.7m flare 1972 Sept. 26-7; fainter than normal following night. ENIFEps PegAB 4.7 F2IV, 5.0 F6IV, 11.558y, a = 0.255". ADS 15281C, 10.8v at 13.8" possibly in hyperbolic orbit about AB or is optical. ADS 15271A, SRc 3.43 - 5.1v, 730d; also a cycle of 4400d. Mean magnitude varies 13.5y. Correspondence between polarization and light. Herschel's "GarnMu CepADS 15314A. Component A is SB, 3.2, 5.2v, 0.0018"; B, 15.8v, 69"; C 12.7v, 120". EA (possibly RS CVn type) 2.83 - 3.05V, 1.0227789d. Form of light curve varies. Deneb AlgediDel CapAlpha Cyg 4.25 - 4.35V, 7.6:d. Nu Cep5.1 F0IV, 5.1 F0IV, 6.094y, a = 0.127", or 12.242y, a = 0.160". Combined mag., colors. He 10830 possibly variable. SADALMELIKAB 4.61 A3m, 6.5 F7V or F3III-IV, 3800y, a = 11.5". Aa, 2.254y, a = 0.073". Component B is HD 209791 = GC 30876, vsini =<25k/s. Component C, 12.7v at 97" optical. AlkurhahALNAIROptical. Delta Sct? BahamB, optical. Delta Sct 4.15 - 4.20V, 0.04242 and 0.068073d. Period and amp. vary. Eps CepOptical. SadalachbiaCPM companion F5III, optical. Binary with HR 8558. AB 4.31 F2IV, 4.51 F3IV, 856.0y, a = 5.055". Magnitude for blend 3.65V, combined colors. Component B, HR 8558, is an astrometric binary. Lb? 3.99 - 4.20V. Del2 GruB, 13v at 21" optical. AC CPM, C at 41", 6.30V, -0.03(B-V), -0.35(U-B), B7IV, RV -21k/s, vsini 135k/s. ADS 15987A, CDelta 3.48 - 4.34V, 5.366341d. Period varies. Prototype star Delta Cep, discovered by Goodricke in 1784 Blue companion ADS 15987C is also var. and SB. Del CepCPM. Companion D G2? Photometric data (Oblak 1978, A&AS, 34, 453) give B A2V, 6.22V,; C F2V, 7.71V, +0.38(B-V); D F9V, 7.83V, +0.51(B-V), where MK types are estimated from uvby,beta photometry. ABD physical, C optical. Optical. Lc? 2.0 - 2.3V. Bet GruA* 2.94 G2II-III, 2.23y, a = 0.022". Speckle interferometry measures range from unresolved to sep. 0.059". BC, 10.0, 10.0v sep. 0.2" at 90" from A, physical. ADS 16211A. Matar.AB binary. B 12v M1 at 12"; C, optical. Lb 3.70 - 3.80V. Lam AqrSkatCPM. Companion G3. BY 6.44 - 6.49V, 10d. Fomalhaut is a bright, white star that lies only 22 [G/light year]s away. It diameter is twice that of our [G/Sun] and it is 14 times more [G/luminous] CPM with HR 8721. FOMALHAUTSep. 0.02", but duplicity uncertain. Unresolved by speckle interferometry. Separate speckle interferometric measures give sep. 0.05" (Aa) and 0.34" (AB). Ten years of observations reveal steady change in AB position angle of about 10d with decrease in separation from about 0.375" to 0.266". Component B identified as SB2 (see SB remarks), making total number of components at least 4. Gamma Cas 3.58 - 3.65V. Photometric investigations have indicated numerous periods, particularly 0.78823, 1.0815d and 1.5998398d, all doubtful. Form of light curve varies. Probably not an eclipsing binary. Period shell phenomena abou 23.5y. Shell features have vanished several times since 1897. H gamma varies in 3.66?d. Omi AndLb 2.31 - 2.74V. SCHEATBet PegThe star Markab makes up the southwest corner of the Great Square o [X/Pegasus]. It is 86 [G/light year]s distant MARKABSep. 2.9" observed 1925; single in 1929. AB 4.6 G2III, 6.6 F3V, 150y, a = 0.86". Combined mag., colors. Companion may be collapsed star. Astrometric binary unresolved by speckle interferometry. Amp. 0.02B. BC, 10.0, 10.5v, K3V, 130y, a = 0.6", mean mass BC 0.35 solar. BC combined, 9.19V, +1.03(B-V), +0.93(U-B), CPM with A. Component C is a close double, equal components, showing orbital motion. High space velocity? Suspected occultation double. Alpha CV? 4.36 - 4.39V. RS 3.69 - 3.97V, 4.74 - 5.13B, 54.20d. Amp. and cycle length vary in period 3200d. Also 0.25m var. in period about 50d. H and K emission correlated with 56d light period. Lam AndOptical. AlraiComponent B, CPM, A5Vep; however, the companion is optical. Lb? 4.35 - 4.41V. YY PscThe [G/constellation] Andromeda is named for the mythical daughter of King [Y/Cepheus] and Queen [Y/Cassiopeia]. To save their kingdom, Andromeda's parents were told they must sacrifice their daughter to the sea monster, [Y/Cetus]. Andromeda was chained to the rocks by the sea to await her fate. Fortunately, [Y/Perseus], riding the winged horse [Y/Pegasus], flew over the kingdom. He saw the princess chained to the rocks and flew down to rescue her. In the sky, Andromeda is shaped like the capital letter "A" with her head at the point of the "A", her belt at the central line of the "A" and her feet at the base of the "A". Her brightest [G/star] is [W/Alpheratz], the star at the top of "A" and one of the stars in the Great Square of [Y/Pegasus]. Andromeda is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: [F/Andromeda Galaxy]; [N/NGC 752], a star [G/cluster]. Antlia is a relatively modern [G/constellation]. It was added to the charts in 1752. This is a faint constellation, with no stars brighter than [G/magnitude] 4.2. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Antlia ([S/201405]). Antlia is best seen from April-June. Apus is a faint [G/constellation], with 5 of its 6 brightest stars reddish in color. The brightest [G/star] in Apus is Alpha Apodis ([S/257193]). This constellation is best seen from May-August in the southern hemisphere. The [G/constellation] Aquarius is associated with water in the mythology of many cultures, perhaps because Aquarius rises during autumn in the northern hemisphere - the rainy season for many countries. In Greek mythology, Aquarius caused a great flood that covered the Earth. To the Egyptians, Aquarius poured water into the Nile river each year, causing it to flood. The brightest [G/star] in Aquarius is Sadalsuud [S/145457]. Four stars make up the "Water Jar" of Aquarius: three stars forming a triangle with a fourth star in the center. Stars representing water are pouring from the jar. Aquarius is best seen from September-December. "Must See" objects include: [M/M2], a star [G/cluster]; the [F/Saturn Nebula], a [G/planetary nebula]; [F/Helix Nebula], a [G/planetary nebula]. In Greek mythology, Aquila was the eagle who served Zeus. Aquila carried the god's thunderbolts and delivered messages for him. In Chinese legends, the brightest [G/star] in Aquila, [W/Altair], represented one of two lovers in the tale of the herd boy and the weaving girl. Altair was the hard working herd boy, who fell in love with the weaving girl, a beautiful visitor from the stars. In the sky, three stars form the head of the eagle; Altair is the center star with a fainter star on each side. This [G/constellation] lies along the [G/Milky Way]. Look for dark lanes of dust (areas with fewer stars) in this region. Aquila is best seen from August-October. Ara is a modern [G/constellation] lying just below the curving tail of [Y/Scorpius]. Its brightest star is Beta Arae [S/244725]. Ara is best seen from July-September in the southern hemisphere. In Greek mythology, Aries was a ram with a beautiful golden fleece. This golden ram was identified with Zeus, the king of the gods. In Egyptian mythology, the celestial ram was thought to be Ammon, the Sun god. This faint [G/constellation] was identified with the bright Sun and shiny gold because of its location along the [G/zodiac]. Ancient people noted that when the [G/Sun] was in the constellation of Aries, this marked the beginning of spring and the growing season. Its brightest star is [W/Hamal]. Today, Aries is best seen from October-February. Auriga is a strange [G/constellation], representing a charioteer who is carrying a goat on his shoulder and holding three baby goats in his arms. The brightest [G/star] in Auriga is [W/Capella]. The three baby goats, also known as "The Kids," are represented by three stars forming a narrow triangle, just south of Capella. Auriga is best seen from January-March. "Must see" objects include: three galactic [G/cluster]s, [M/M36], [M/M37], and [M/M38]. Bootes was placed in the sky to guard the great bear, [Y/Ursa Major]. As a result, Bootes can be seen following the bear around the sky once a day. The brightest star in Bootes, [W/Arcturus], can be found by using stars in the [G/Big Dipper] to point the way. If you connect the three stars in the handle of the Dipper, this forms an arc. Follow this arc to Arcturus. Bootes is shaped like an ice cream cone, with Arcturus at the tip of the triangular cone. Two stars finish the cone and there is a small scoop of ice cream on top. Bootes is best seen from June-August. Caelum is a small, faint constellation with no [G/star]s brighter than [G/magnitude] 4.5. Its brightest star is Alpha Caeli [S/216926]. Caelum is best seen from January-February. Camelopardalis was added to the charts in 1690. There are no stars brighter than [G/magnitude] 4.0 in this area of the sky. There is also no easy-to-identify pattern. Its brightest [G/star] is Beta Camelopardalis [S/13351]. This constellation is [G/circumpolar], meaning it is visible year round from most of the northern hemisphere. It is best seen from December-February. Cancer is the faintest of all the [G/constellation]s of the [G/zodiac] and is best viewed under dark skies when the [G/Moon] is not visible. In Greek mythology, Cancer the crab lived in a swamp with the [Y/Hydra]. When [Y/Hercules] came to kill the Hydra, Cancer tried to save his friend by biting Hercules on the foot. Hercules merely killed the crab and brushed it aside. Cancer was given a place in the sky, to honor him for sacrificing his life for a friend. The brightest [G/star] in Cancer is Altarf [S/116569]. This constellation is best seen from March-May. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Praesepe] cluster. The brightest [G/star] in Canes Venatici is [W/Cor Caroli] and it represents one of two hunting dogs in this [G/constellation]. Cor Caroli (the Heart of Charles) was probably named after King Charles I of England, but this bright star is usually associated with the coronation of King Charles II in 1660. The second hunting dog is represented by Beta [S/44230]. This constellation is best seen from May-July. "Must See" objects include: [F/Whirlpool Galaxy]; [M/M3], a globular [G/cluster]; [M/M94], a spiral [G/galaxy]. Canis Major, lying next to the mighty hunter [Y/Orion], is sometimes known as Orion's hunting dog. Its brightest star, [W/Sirius], is also the brightest [G/star] in the night sky and has been worshipped and feared by many cultures. In the past, Sirius (also known as the Dog Star) rose and set with the Sun during the hottest days of summer, causing it to be blamed for the scorching summer heat. As a result, the phrase "Dog Days of Summer" can be associated with this [G/constellation]. Canis Major is best seen in the night sky from February-April. "Must See" objects include: [M/M41], a galactic [G/cluster]; [N/NGC 2362], a galactic [G/cluster]. Canis Minor is the smallest of [Y/Orion]'s two hunting dogs. The brightest [G/star] in this small [G/constellation] is [W/Procyon]. Procyon forms a triangle with two other bright winter stars, [W/Sirius] and [W/Betelgeuse]. Canis Minor is best seen from February-April. Capricornus is one of the older [G/constellation], although its origin as a half goat-half fish is not clear. According to one Greek myth, Capricornus was Aegipan, a half man, half goat whose father was Zeus. Once, while helping his father, Aegipan was pursued by Typhon, the monster god. To avoid Typhon, Aegian ran into a river. When he was waist-deep in the water, he changed the lower part of his body into a fish and swam to safety. Zeus placed Aegipan in the sky, as a way of thanking him for his help. The brightest [G/star] in this constellation is Deneb Algedi [S/164644]. Capricornus is best seen from September-November. Carina, originally part of the ancient [G/constellation] of Argo, the ship, is best seen from the southern hemisphere. Its brightest [G/star] is [W/Canopus], the second brightest star in the night sky. ([W/Sirius] is the brightest.) Carina is best seen from March-May. "Must See" objects include three galactic [G/cluster]s: [N/NGC 2516]; [N/NGC 3532]; [C/C102]. In Greek mythology, Queen Cassiopeia, along with her husband, King [Y/Cepheus] ruled over Ethiopia. Cassiopeia was very beautiful, but boastful and arrogant as well. She once boasted that she was even more beautiful than the sea nymphs. This claim angered the sea nymphs, whose beauty was legendary. They complained to Poseidon, the god of the sea, who sent [Y/Cetus], a sea monster, to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and Cepheus were forced to sacrifice their daughter, [Y/Andromeda] to save their kingdom. Fortunately, Andromeda was saved by [Y/Perseus] and [Y/Pegasus]. Cassiopeia sits on her throne in the sky, with her brightest stars forming a "W" or "M" shape, depending on the season. The brightest [G/star] is [W/SHEDIR] which lies at the lower right vertex of the "W". Because of her placement in the sky, half the time her royal throne is upside down. The queen must be chained to the chair so she won't fall out. This awkward position is part of her punishment for being so vain. Cassiopeia is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen most of the year. However, she is best seen from September to December. "Must See" objects include four galactic [G/cluster]s: [M/M103]; [N/NGC 457]; [N/NGC 7789]; [N/NGC 663]. In Greek mythology, Centaurus was the first of the Centaurs, a race of beings with the head, arms and chest of a man and the body of a horse. The brightest [G/star] in this [G/constellation] is Alpha Centauri, [S/252838]. It is also the closest star to our solar system. Alpha Centauri along with Agena [S/252582] make up the "Pointers", two bright stars that point the way to the [G/Southern Cross]. Centaurus is best seen from May-July in the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: [F/Omega Centauri], a globular [G/cluster]; [F/Centaurus A], a peculiar [G/galaxy]. In Greek mythology, King Cepheus ruled over the country of Ethiopia with his beautiful, but vain, wife [Y/Cassiopeia]. Cepheus was forced to sacrifice his daughter [Y/Andromeda] to save his kingdom from [Y/Cetus] the sea monster. As fortune would have it, Andromeda was rescued by [Y/Perseus] and [Y/Pegasus] and the sea monster was killed. Peace was restored to the kingdom. The stars in this [G/constellation] form a box with a triangle sitting on top. The brightest [G/star] in Cepheus is [W/Alderamin]. This constellation is [G/circumpolar] and can be seen most of the year. However, it is best seen from September-December. "Must See" objects include: [N/NGC 188], a galactic [G/cluster]. Cetus, the sea monster, was sent to destroy the kingdom of King [Y/Cepheus] and Queen [Y/Cassiopeia]. But, before he could complete his task, he was killed by [Y/Perseus]. The brightest [G/star] in the [G/constellation] is [W/Diphda]. Cetus is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: [W/Mira], a variable star. Chamaeleon was added to the charts in the early 1600's and is considered a modern [G/constellation]. It is small in size and shaped like an elongated diamond. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Chamaeleont [S/256496]. Chamaeleon is [G/circumpolar] and can be seen most of the year from the southern hemisphere. This small, narrow "V"-shaped [G/constellation] lies close to the "Pointers", the two brightest stars of [Y/Centaurus]. Circinus is a modern constellation, added to the charts in the mid 1700's. It contains a few relatively faint [G/star]s, the brightest of which is Alpha Circini [S/252853]. Circinus is best seen from July-September in the southern hemisphere. The brightest [G/star] in this [G/constellation] is Phact [S/196059]. Columba is best seen from January-March in the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: [N/NGC 1851], a globular [G/cluster]. Coma Berenices was named after Berenices II who, along with her king, ruled Egypt around the year 230 BC. With the king at war, Berenices offered to sacrifice her long golden hair to the goddess Aphrodite to insure the safe return of her husband. When the war was over, the king returned safe and sound and Berenice kept her promise. She cut her hair and left the golden tresses on an alter as a gift to the goddess. The next morning, the tresses were gone. Local astronomers convinced the king and queen that the golden tresses had been transported into the sky where they would forever sparkle among the stars. Today, the [G/constellation] consists of a scattering of faint stars, most of which belong to an extremely large galactic [G/cluster] known as the [G/Coma Star Cluster]. The brightest star in this constellation is Diadem [S/100443]. Coma Berenices also contains a wide assortment of galaxies. Unfortunately, most are too faint to be seen with a small telescope. Coma Berenices is best seen from May-July. "Must See" objects include: [M/M53], a globular cluster. Corona Australis is shaped like a "C" and lies just below the "Teapot" of [Y/Sagittarius]. The brightest [G/star] in the [G/constellation] is Alfecca Meridiana [S/210990]. Corona Australis is best seen from August-October. In Greek mythology, the god Bacchus created a beautiful crown which he gave to his mortal wife. Upon her death, he placed the crown in the sky as a tribute to his wife's great kindness and beauty. To the Shawnee Indians, the stars of this [G/constellation] represent celestial sisters. The circle of stars is incomplete because one sister left the sky to marry a human. The stars in Corona Borealis are shaped like the letter "C". Its brightest star is [W/Alphekka]. This constellation is best seen from July-September. In Greek mythology, Corvus was the messenger raven for the god Apollo. One of raven's many tasks included bringing water to the god when he was thirsty. One day, Corvus was about to fill a goblet with water when he noticed a fruit tree in bloom. He decided to wait until the fruit was ripe so that he could have a snack before returning to Apollo. Corvus waited several days for the fruit to ripen. Finally, he ate his fill of the ripe, fresh fruit and started back to Mount Olympus. Along the way, he realized that Apollo might be angry with him for taking so long to fetch the water. Thinking fast, he swooped down and snatched a water serpent from the river. Then, when he returned the goblet of water to Apollo, Corvus explained that the water serpent had attacked him, causing him to be late. Apollo did not believe the raven's story and flung the raven, the goblet and the water serpent into the sky where they would not bother him again. Today, the raven, or Crow (Corvus), the goblet ([Y/Crater]), and the sea serpent ([Y/Hydra]) are all constellations. The brighter stars of Corvus form a lopsided rectangle in the sky. Its brightest [G/star] is Gienah [S/157176]. Corvus is best seen from April-June. In Greek mythology, Crater represented a water goblet which belonged to the god Apollo. [Y/Corvus] the crow used the goblet to gather water for the god when he was thirsty. Crater was caught in the middle of a fight when Corvus tried to lie to Apollo. In a fit of rage, Apollo flung both the crow and the goblet into the sky. To many cultures, Crater represented a cup, bowl, or some other type of container used to hold wine. The brightest star in Crater is Delta Crateris [S/156605]. Crater is best seen from April-June. Even though Crux is the smallest [G/constellation] in the sky, it contains some of the richest starfields of our [G/Milky Way] galaxy. Originally, Crux was part of the constellation [Y/Centaurus]. Today, its brightest stars appear in the shape of a cross. The brightest star in Crux is [W/Acrux], a fine double star system. Crux is best seen from April-June. "Must See" objects include: [F/Jewel Box] cluster; [F/Coal Sack] nebula. Cygnus, which is also known as the Northern Cross, lies along the hazy patch of light that makes up our [G/Milky Way] galaxy. One Greek myth tells how Cygnus represents Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus once turned himself into a swan to seduce the lovely mortal woman, Leda. Leda then laid an egg and when the egg hatched, the beautiful Helen of Troy was born. Another myth tells that Cygnus was the best friend of Phaethon. Phaethon had discovered that his real father was Apollo, the Sun god. He went to visit Apollo and watched as his father drove the Sun's chariot across the sky once a day, bringing daylight to the world. Phaethon demanded that he be allowed to drive the chariot, and before Apollo could stop him, he grabbed the reins of the chariot and took off. The four fiery horses pulling the chariot went wild and Phaethon lost control. To save Earth from the runaway Sun chariot, Zeus was forced to fling a lightening bolt and killed Phaethon. Phaethon's body plunged to Earth and fell into the river [Y/Eridanus] while the horses safely returned the Sun's chariot to Apollo. Phaethon's friend, Cygnus, searched the river, but he never found his friend. He continued swimming back and forth, diving deep into the river's depths, reminding those who watched him of a swan. For his devotion to his friend, Cygnus was honored with a place in the sky. Today, he can be seen as the swan flying south along the [G/Milky Way]. The [G/star] at the tail of the swan is also the brightest star in the [G/constellation]. Its name is [W/Deneb]. Cygnus is best seen from August-November. "Must See" objects include: [W/Albireo], a double star; the [G/Milky Way]; [F/Cygnus X-1], a black hole. To many cultures, the stars in Delphinus represented a dolphin or porpoise. In one myth, a dolphin rescued a man about to be killed by pirates. The man had jumped overboard and the dolphin helped him back to shore. For his good deed, the dolphin was honored with his own place in the sky. Five stars in the shape of a diamond form the dolphin's body, with two stars trailing off the diamond, forming the dolphin's tail. The brightest [G/star] in Delphinus is Rotanev [S/106316]. This [G/constellation] is best seen from August-October. Dorado was added to the charts in the early 1600's and is considered a modern [G/constellation]. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Doradus [S/233564]. Dorado is best seen from December-February from the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: The [F/Large Magellanic Cloud], a [G/galaxy], the [F/Tarantula Nebula], a nebula within the Large Magellanic Cloud. In Greek mythology, Draco was the dragon in charge of guarding the garden of Hera, the queen of the gods. Within the garden, there were trees on which grew golden apples. [Y/Hercules] had to steal these golden apples as one of his 12 labors. Before he could steal them, however, he had to kill Draco. Draco fought a mighty battle, but he was no match for Hercules. After his death, Hera gave Draco an honored place among the stars. Three stars forming the tail of the dragon lie between the [G/Big Dipper] and [G/Little Dipper]. From the tail, Draco curls around the Little Dipper like a backwards "S". Its head is made up of four stars in the shape of a lopsided square. The brightest star in Draco is [W/Etamin] and it, along with the entire constellation, is best seen from July-September. "Must See" objects include: [W/Thuban], a star which was the "North" star 4,800 years ago. The stars of this small [G/constellation] may once have been combined with the stars of [Y/Delphinus] to form a larger constellation. However, the two were divided into individual constellations somewhere around the second century BC. Today, Equuleus lies between Delphinus and the head of [Y/Pegasus]. Its brightest [G/star] is Kitalpha [S/126662]. This constellation is best seen from August-October. Eridanus, the river, meanders all over the sky. In Greek mythology, it was this river that the body of Phaethon plunged into after his foolish ride across the sky in the chariot of the Sun. (You may refer to the constellation [Y/Cygnus] for the entire story of Phaethon.) Eridanus begins with the star Zaurak [S/149283], which lies next to the star [W/Rigel] in the constellation of [Y/Orion]. From there, Eridanus wanders below [Y/Cetus], around [Y/Fornax], above [Y/Horologium] and finally comes to an end between [Y/Phoenix] and [Y/Hydrus]. Its brightest star, [W/Achernar], lies so far south that it can't be seen from Europe, Japan and most of the U.S. This [G/constellation] is best seen from December-February. This small, faint group of stars is a modern [G/constellation] that was added to the charts in the late 1700's. Fornax lies next to [Y/Eridanus] in the sky. Its brightest [G/star] is Fornacis [S/168373]. This constellation is best seen from December-February. The stars in Gemini have been referred to as the "Twins" by many cultures around the world, with each culture offering a different story about the celestial brothers. One Greek myth tells that the twins are sons of Zeus, the king of the gods, and a mortal woman, Leda. The twins are also associated with "St. Elmo's Fire", an electric glow seen around aircraft wings or a ship's rigging during stormy weather. [W/Pollux], the brightest [G/star] in this [G/constellation], and a faint companion star form the head of one twin. The second brightest star in the constellation, [W/Castor], along with a fainter companion, forms the head of the second twin, with the twins standing side by side in the sky. Gemini is best seen from January-April. "Must See" objects include: [M/M35], a galactic cluster. Grus is a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in the early 1600's. It is also part of a group of constellations known as the Southern Birds. The other birds of the group are the [Y/Phoenix], [Y/Pavo] the peacock, and [Y/Tucana] the toucan. The brightest [G/star] in Grus is [W/Alnair], a hot blue star. The second brightest star, Beta, [S/231258] is a cooler, orange-colored star. Compare the two and try to detect the differences in color. Grus is best seen from September-November in the southern hemisphere. Hercules was the son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and a mortal woman, Alcmene. Even as a young child, Hercules possessed a tremendous strength. When he was 8 months old, he strangled 2 serpents that had been sent to his crib by Hera, the jealous wife of Zeus. Hera's jealousy was to haunt Hercules for most of his life. At one point, she caused him to go insane. During this time of madness, Hercules killed his wife and children. When he awoke from the insanity, he saw the horror of what he had done and was overcome with grief. He left his village and traveled to the Oracle of Delphi for advice. The oracle told him to travel to Tiryns where King Eurystheus would assign Hercules 12 difficult labors. If and when Hercules completed all the labors, he would be freed from his sins and raised to the rank of godhood. For many years, Hercules struggled to complete the 12 labors, each more difficult than the last. Some of his opponents can be found in the sky, including [Y/Leo], the lion; [Y/Hydra], the many-headed serpent; [Y/Cancer], the crab; and [Y/Draco], the dragon. After many years, he successfully completed the 12 labors. When Hercules died, the gods welcomed him to Mount Olympus, where he was granted godhood, just as the Oracle had foreseen. Today, Hercules can be found next to the head of Draco. Four stars make up the "Keystone", or body of the mighty warrior. The brightest [G/star] in the [G/constellation] is Kornephoros [S/84411]. Hercules is best seen from July-September. "Must See" objects include: two globular [G/cluster]s, [M/M13] and [M/M92]. This small, faint group of stars is considered a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in the 1700's. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Horologii [S/216710]. Horologium is best seen from December-February in the southern hemisphere. Hydra is the largest [G/constellation] in the sky. Its stars snake across over one quarter of the heavens. This constellation figures prominently in two Greek myths. In one myth, Hydra was a many-headed monster who lived in a swamp, along with her only companion, [Y/Cancer] the crab. [Y/Hercules] was sent to kill the monster as one of his twelve labors. The two fought a tremendous battle. For every head Hercules chopped off, Hydra grew two more in its place. Finally, Hercules won and the gods placed the body of Hydra in the sky. In another myth, Hydra was an innocent water serpent who was scooped out of a river by [Y/Corvus] the crow. The brightest [G/star] in Hydra is [W/Alphard]. Because Hydra is such a long constellation, various parts of it can be seen beginning in March and stretching through August. "Must See" objects include: [M/M48], a galactic [G/cluster]; [M/M68], a globular cluster; [M/M83], a spiral [G/galaxy]. This modern [G/constellation] was added to the charts in the early 1600's. Its brightest [G/star] is Beta Hydri [S/255670]. This star is the closest bright star to the south [G/celestial pole], even though it is over 12^ away. Hydrus is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen most of the year in the southern hemisphere. However, it is best seen from December-January. Indus is a rather small, faint [G/constellation] which lies next to the brighter constellation of [Y/Grus]. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Indi [S/230300]. Indus is best seen from September-November in the southern hemisphere. Lacerta is a relatively modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in 1690. It is a small, faint group of stars not far from the constellation of [Y/Cygnus]. The brightest [G/star] in Lacerta is Alpha Lacertae [S/34542]. The lizard's head is made up of four stars in the shape of a diamond. A trail of faint stars coming off the diamond forms the lizard's body. Lacerta is best seen from September-November. In Greek mythology, Leo is associated with the Nemean lion, a fierce creature who came from the Moon. [Y/Hercules] was given the difficult task of killing the ferocious beast. The lion's hide was so tough, no weapon could pierce through it. Arrows that Hercules flung at the beast merely bounced off its chest. Abandoning his useless weapons, Hercules trapped the lion and used his own incredible strength to strangle the creature. The lion's body was then placed in the sky by Hera, the queen of the gods and an enemy of Hercules. The [G/constellation] of Leo has long been associated with the [G/Sun] and hot summer days because, for 4,000 years, the Sun rose in this area of sky on the Summer [G/Solstice], the first day of summer in the northern hemisphere. Today, because of the [G/precession] of the Earth, Leo rises with the Sun in late July and early August. In the sky, the head, mane and chest of the lion are represented by a pattern of stars in the shape of a sickle or backwards question mark. The [G/star] at the handle of the sickle, or the "period" of the question mark, represents the heart of the lion. This star, called [W/Regulus], is the brightest star in Leo. The lion's hindquarters are represented by a small triangle containing [W/Denebola], a bright star whose name means the "Tail of the Lion". Leo is best seen from March-June. "Must See" objects include: two spiral galaxies, [M/M65] and [M/M66]. Leo Minor was added to the charts in 1690. It is a small, faint [G/constellation] that lies between the scoop of the [G/Big Dipper] and the sickle of [Y/Leo]. Its brightest [G/star] is Praecipua [S/62297]. Leo Minor is best seen from March-May. This little hare lives a rather hectic life, positioned in the sky next to a big dog, [Y/Canis Major], and just below the feet of the mighty hunter, [Y/Orion]. Its brightest star is [W/Arneb]. Lepus is best seen from January-March. Of all the [G/constellation]s of the [G/zodiac], Libra is the only one that does not represent a living being. However, the name of its brightest star, Zuben Elschemali [S/140430] (which means the northern claw) indicates that this area of sky was once part of the constellation of [Y/Scorpius]. Libra is best seen from June-July. Lupus is one of the original 48 [G/constellation]s placed in the sky by the ancient astronomer, Ptolemy. It contains several bright [G/star]s, but no easy-to-identify pattern. Its brightest star is Alpha Lupi [S/225128]. Lupus is best seen from June-July. The faint [G/constellation] of Lynx was added to the charts in 1690. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Lyncis [S/61414]. Lynx is best seen from February-April. "Must See" objects include: [N/NGC 2419], a globular [G/cluster] In Greek mythology, Lyra represented a beautiful lyre which had been fashioned from an empty tortoise shell. Orpheus, the son of Apollo, inherited the lyre from his father. When Orpheus played the lyre, his music was so beautiful it was said to charm anyone who heard it. Orpheus fell in love and married the beautiful Eurydice. The two lovers were extremely happy, but soon after their marriage, Eurydice was poisoned by a snake and died. Orpheus' grief was overwhelming. He took his lyre to the edge of the Underworld, where all mortal souls go when they die. There, he played his music. The Lord of the Underworld was so touched by the mournful sounds, that he allowed Eurydice to return to the land of the living. There was one stipulation, however. Orpheus could not look at Eurydice until they had completely left the boundaries of the Underworld. As the two lovers made there way back to the surface, Orpheus tried his best not to look at his wife, but the temptation was too great. Just as they neared the boundary between the two worlds, he glanced in her direction. Even a glance was too much and Eurydice was pulled back into the Underworld, never to return. For the rest of his life, Orpheus grieved over the loss of his wife, playing mournful, beautiful music on his lyre. After his death, the gods immortalized his music by raising the lyre into the stars. In one Chinese legend, Lyra's brightest [G/star], [W/Vega], represents one of two lovers from the tale of the Herd Boy and the Weaving Girl. Vega was the Weaving Girl, who wove beautiful tapestries among the stars. An interesting note about Vega: due to the [G/precession] of Earth's rotation, Vega was the "north" star 12,000 years ago, and will be again in another 12,000 years. Lyra is best seen from June-September. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Ring Nebula], a planetary nebula; Epsilon Lyra ([S/67310]), a double/double star; [M/M56], a globular cluster. This small group of stars holds the record for being the faintest of all the [G/constellation]s in the sky. None of the [G/star]s within this group are brighter than [G/magnitude] 5. In fact, its brightest star, Alpha Mensae ([S/256274]) is only magnitude 5.1. Mensa is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen year round from the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: a small portion of the [F/Large Magellanic Cloud] that extends into this constellation. Microscopium is a faint, modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in the 1750's. Its brightest star, Gamma Microscopii [S/212636] is only [G/magnitude] 4.7. Microscopium is best seen from September-October in the southern hemisphere. Monoceros was added to the charts in the mid 1600's. Although faint, this [G/constellation] is rather easy to find. Simply form a triangle with three bright neighboring stars, [W/Betelgeuse], [W/Sirius], and [W/Procyon]. The area inside the triangle is Monoceros. The light from the brightest [G/star], Beta Monocerotis [S/133316], is actually the combined light from three different stars, one of the best triple star systems in the sky. Monoceros is best seen from February-March. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Rosette Nebula]; [N/NGC 2264], a Christmas-Tree-shaped cluster and nebula; [M/M50], a galactic cluster. This [G/constellation] was first listed on the charts in the early 1600's as a Bee. It was transformed to a fly in the mid 1700's. Musca lies between [Y/Crux] and the south [G/celestial pole]. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Muscae [S/251974]. Musca is a circumpolar constellation and can be seen year round in the southern hemisphere. However, it is best seen at sunset during May-June. "Must See" objects include: two globular [G/cluster]s, [N/NGC 4833] and [N/NGC 4372]. Norma is a faint [G/constellation] that was added to the charts during the 1750's. It is best seen during July-August from the southern hemisphere. Its brightest [G/star] is Gamma Normae [S/243643]. "Must See" objects include: two galactic [G/cluster]s, [N/NGC 6067] and [N/NGC 6087]. The only claim to fame for this [G/constellation] is that it lies in the vicinity of the south [G/celestial pole]. In fact, one of its fainter [G/star]s, Sigma [S/258857], can be considered the South Star. Its brightest star is Nu Octantis [S/257948]. Octans is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen year round from the southern hemisphere. The legend most often connected with Ophiuchus involves a man named Asclepius, who eventually became the god of medicine. Asclepius once killed a snake that had crawled into his hut. Another snake entered the hut, carrying a strange herb in its mouth. It placed the herb in the mouth of the dead snake. Much to Asclepius' surprise, the first snake came back to life. Asclepius retrieved the strange, life-giving herb from the snake and began using it on humans. The healing power of this herb was great and news of Asclepius traveled quickly. He brought so many people back from the dead that Hades, the lord of the Underworld, complained to Zeus. Hades argued that if Asclepius kept bringing humans back from the dead, they would be essentially immortal. Only gods were supposed to be immortal. Hades convinced Zeus that if he allowed Asclepius to continue, the gods would lose their status among the humans. Zeus admired the skill and healing powers of Asclepius, but was forced to agree with Hades. He flung a lightning bolt and struck down the healer. To honor his skills, Zeus raised his body into the sky. Today, the symbol for medicine is a staff with a serpent wrapped around it, in honor of the snake who first found the healing herb. Ophiuchus is seen in the sky next to the constellation of [Y/Serpens], the serpent, or snake. The brightest [G/star] in Ophiuchus is [W/Rasalhague]. The [G/constellation] is best seen from July-August. "Must See" objects include: [F/Barnard's Star], the second closest star in the night sky; a wide variety of globular [G/cluster]s, including [M/M9]; [M/M10]; [M/M12]; [M/M14]; [M/M19]; [M/M62]. Orion has been associated with a mighty hunter in many cultures around the world. In Greek mythology, the hunter played a part in many different stories. In one story, Orion fell in love with Artemis, the goddess of the hunt. So great was their love for one another, that each began neglecting their duties so they could spend time together. Warned by her brother, Apollo, to return to her duties, Artemis refused and the animals under her care began to suffer. The Moon, without Artemis to guide it, was unable to rise. Apollo grew angry. One day, when Orion went for a swim in the ocean, Apollo surrounded the hunter with a cloak of light. Apollo then went to Artemis and challenged her that she couldn't hit the center of the patch of light with one of her arrows. Artemis accepted the challenge and her aim was true. The arrow pierced the very center of the patch of light and struck and killed Orion. When his body washed up on shore, with her arrow in his chest, Artemis realized what she had done. She gently placed Orion's body in the sky, where it would stand out among the other stars and where she could visit it every night as she drove her Moon chariot through the sky. In another myth, Orion boasted to Artemis that his skills as a warrior were so great, he could hunt down and kill all the animals on Earth. Artemis and Gaea, the Earth goddess, were alarmed by this claim. To protect her creatures, Gaea sent [Y/Scorpius], the scorpion, to kill Orion with a deadly sting. Orion fought and killed the scorpion, but before it died, Scorpius managed to prick the mighty giant once with its stinger. The scorpion's poison was so strong, Orion died instantly. The two enemies were placed at opposite points in the sky, so that as one rises in the east, the other sets in the west. This placement insures that the two rivals never get close enough to fight. Another story has Orion forever chasing the [F/Pleiades], the seven sisters. The ancient Egyptians worshipped Orion as the Sun god. In the sky, Orion forms an easy-to-identify pattern. The red supergiant [G/star], [W/Betelgeuse] forms one of Orion's shoulders. [W/Rigel], the brightest star in Orion, represents one of Orion's feet. Between Betelgeuse and Rigel lie the belt stars, three evenly-spaced stars of equal brightness. Hanging off of his belt is Orion's sword. Orion is best seen from January-March. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Great Orion Nebula]. This [G/constellation] was added to the charts in the early 1600's and represents a peacock, the favorite bird of Hera, the Queen of the Gods. Its brightest [G/star] is the Peacock Star, [S/13060], which lies closer to the constellation of [Y/Indus] than the majority of its own star group. Pavo is best seen from September-October in the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: [N/NGC 6752], a globular cluster. In Greek mythology, Pegasus was the beautiful flying horse born from the blood of Medusa, the hideous Gorgon killed by [Y/Perseus]. With Perseus on his back, Pegasus flew around the country. Together, the two rescued the princess [Y/Andromeda] from [Y/Cetus], the sea monster sent to destroy her parent's kingdom. In the sky, the body of the flying horse is represented by four stars forming the "Great Square of Pegasus." The brightest star in the [G/constellation] is [W/Enif], which means "the nose" of the horse. Pegasus is best seen from September-November. "Must See" objects include: [M/M15], a globular cluster. Perseus was the heroic son of Zeus and the mortal woman Danae. At the request of his mother, Perseus set out to kill the hideous Gorgon, Medusa. Medusa and her two sisters had once bragged that they were more beautiful than the goddess Athene. Their boast angered Athene, who turned the three sisters into hideous monsters with hissing, writhing snakes for hair. So ugly were they, that anyone looking at the sisters was instantly turned to stone. To help prepare for the dangerous task ahead, Perseus asked Hermes, the messenger god, and the goddess Athene for advise. Hermes gave Perseus a pair of winged sandals, which allowed him to silently creep up on the sleeping Gorgon. Athene gave him a shiny shield which he could use as a mirror. With the shield, he was able to slice off Medusa's head by watching her reflection. Because he didn't actually look at her, he wasn't turned to stone. Then, with his eyes closed, he grabbed the Gorgon's head and placed it in a special bag. A few drops of blood spilled out of the bag. From the drops, [Y/Pegasus] the flying horse was born. Perseus jumped onto the back of the horse and flew off to show Athene and Hermes his prize. Along the way, he saw a beautiful maiden chained to a giant rock by the sea. As he flew down to investigate, he saw a sea monster about to attack. The maiden [Y/Andromeda] was to be sacrificed to [Y/Cetus], the sea monster to save the kingdom of King [Y/Cepheus] and Queen [Y/Cassiopeia]. As Perseus swooped down out of the sky, he closed his eyes and pulled the Gorgon's head out of the bag. When the sea monster attacked, it saw the head and was instantly turned to stone. Perseus married Andromeda and they lived happily ever after. The brightest star in the constellation is [W/Mirphak], but the most famous star is [W/Algol], the second brightest star which is sometimes known as the Demon Star. It is also associated with the head of Medusa. Algol is an [G/eclipsing binary] star system whose brightness changes noticeably over a three day period. Perseus is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: [M/M34], a galactic cluster; [N/NGC 869] and [N/NGC 884], two side by side galactic clusters; [N/NGC 1275], a galaxy that is an unusually strong radio source. Stories of the legendary Phoenix can be found in civilizations as far back as the ancient Egyptians and early Romans. However, the [G/constellation] wasn't added to the charts until the early 1600's. The Phoenix was a mythical bird that lived for several hundred years at a time. When it was ready to die, it would build a nest and lie down inside. The Sun's rays then ignited the nest and the Phoenix would burn with the flames. From the ashes of the nest, a tiny worm emerged. This worm grew into a new Phoenix and the cycle repeated itself. In the sky, the Phoenix has its wings extended, with each wing shaped like a triangle. The brightest [G/star] in this [G/constellation], [W/Ankaa], is the only bright star in the entire group. Phoenix is best seen from October-November in the southern hemisphere. Originally, this [G/constellation] represented a Painter's Easel. Over time, the "Easel" was dropped and today it is known merely as the Painter. This faint, narrow group of [G/star]s lies between the bright star [W/Canopus] and the constellation of [Y/Dorado]. Its brightest star is Alpha Pictoris [S/249647]. "Must See" objects include: Beta Pictoris [S/234134], an excellent candidate for extra solar system planets. Pisces is made up of two fish who, according to Greek mythology, represent the goddess Aphrodite and her son. The two were being pursued by the terrible monster god, Typhon (who also chased after [Y/Capricornus]). To escape from Typhon, Aphrodite and her son jumped into a river and turned themselves into fish. They tied their tails together with a long rope so they would not be separated and swam to safety. In the sky, Pisces is a faint [G/constellation] extending over a large area of sky. It is therefore sometimes difficult to locate. The most identifiable part of the constellation is the "Circlet", five faint stars forming a pentagon. The brightest star in Pisces is Alpherg, [S/92484]. Pisces is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: Zeta Piscium [S/109739], a fine double star with color. This small, faint [G/constellation] contains only one bright [G/star], [W/Fomalhaut]. This star, sometimes called the Solitary One, is only 22 [G/light year]s away and is the 18th brightest star in the night sky. Data from the [G/IRAS] satellite shows a cloud of cool material surrounding this star, which could be the beginning of a planetary system. Piscus Austrinus is best seen from October-November. Puppis was originally part of the large [G/constellation] of Argo, the southern sailing ship. In the mid 1700's, Argo was divided into several smaller constellations, most retaining the nautical theme. In the sky, Puppis represents the stern of a ship. A small section of the constellation lies to the left of [W/Sirius], with the majority of stars lying below [Y/Canis Major]. Its brightest [G/star] is Naos, [S/198752]. Puppis is best seen from March-April. "Must See" objects include four galactic clusters: [M/M46]; [M/M47]; [M/M93]; [N/NGC 2477]. Originally part of the [G/constellation] of Argo, the sailing ship, Pyxis represents a compass. Its three brightest [G/star]s form a simple line in the sky. The brightest star in this group is Alpha Pyxidis, [S/199546]. Pyxis is best seen from March-April. Reticulum is considered a modern [G/constellation]. It is sometimes known as a net, although today it is most often associated with a reticle (a set of crosshairs found in some eyepieces to aid in the centering of objects in a telescope). It is a compact group of stars lying just north of the [F/Large Magellanic Cloud]. The stars within the group form a rather lopsided "W". The brightest [G/star] in Reticulum is Alpha Reticuli, [S/248969]. Reticulum is best seen from December-January in the southern hemisphere. From Cupid to Hercules, this tiny arrow has been associated with many heroes around the world. Lying between the bright stars [W/Altair] and [W/Albireo], Sagitta consists of four main stars: two stars form the arrow's shaft and two stars, side by side, represent the arrow's fletchings (feathers designed to balance the arrow in flight). The brightest [G/star] in this [G/constellation] is Gamma Sagittae, [S/105500]. Sagitta is best seen from August-October. The beautiful [G/constellation] of Sagittarius lies directly between our [G/solar system] and the center of the [G/Milky Way]. The brighter [G/star]s, the ones that make up the constellation, are fairly close to us. The stars at the center of our galaxy are 30,000 [G/light year]s distant and are too far away to be [G/resolve]d into individual points of light by the naked eye. Instead, the light from these distant stars blends together and appears as large, glowing clouds. In addition to the star clouds, there are also dust clouds visible in this area. These dust clouds are so thick that they actually block some of the light from the galactic center. In Greek mythology, Sagittarius was a Centaur, a creature with the head, chest and arms of a man and the body of a horse. In the sky, the centaur is holding a large bow and arrow, although seeing that figure in the sky requires a great deal of imagination. For observers in the northern hemisphere, there is an easy-to-identify pattern known as the "Teapot," complete with a spout, lid and curved handle. For observers in the southern hemisphere, the Teapot is upside down. The brightest star in the constellation is [W/Kaus Australis]. Sagittarius is best seen from July-August. "Must See" objects include: [M/M7], a galactic cluster which holds the record for being the southernmost Messier object; three diffuse nebulae ([F/Lagoon Nebula]; the [F/Swan Nebula]; and the [F/Trifid Nebula]); three galactic clusters ([M/M21]; [M/M23]; [M/M25]); several globular clusters ([M/M22]; [M/M28]; [M/M54]; [M/M55]). From Greece and Egypt, to the Americas, cultures around the world have identified this distinct group of stars with a scorpion. In Greek mythology, Scorpius is connected with the [G/constellation] of [Y/Orion] the hunter. Orion once boasted that his hunting skills were so remarkable, he could easily hunt and kill all of the animals on Earth. This boast alarmed the earth goddess, Gaea, whose job it was to protect all creatures. To insure the safety of her animals, she sent a scorpion to kill the mighty hunter. Orion and Scorpius fought a fearsome battle, but in the end, Orion was victorious. However, just before the scorpion died, he lashed out and stung the hunter with his tail. Poisoned by the sting, Orion died instantly. Both were given honored places in the sky, although they were placed far apart from one another. As one rises above the horizon, the other sets. This way, they can never see each other and start fighting again. To the ancient Chinese, this constellation represented a dragon. For observers in the northern hemisphere, Scorpius can be found lying lengthwise across the southern summer sky. Observers in the southern hemisphere can find Scorpius high overhead during winter. The brightest star in the constellation is [W/Antares]. Scorpius is best seen from July-August. "Must See" objects include: three galactic clusters ([F/Butterfly Cluster], [M/M7], [N/NGC 6124]); and two globular clusters ([M/M4]; [M/M80]; the [G/Milky Way]. Sculptor is a faint [G/constellation] that lies just to the east of the bright star [W/Fomalhaut]. Its original name was the "Sculptor's Workshop," but over the years it has been shortened to the "Sculptor." Its brightest star, Alpha Sculptoris [S/166716], is only a [G/magnitude] 4.3 [G/star]. The rest of the stars in the constellation are even fainter. As a result, Sculptor is sometimes difficult to locate. It is best seen from November-December. "Must See" objects include: two galaxies (the [F/Sculptor Galaxy] and [N/NGC 55]. Scutum is considered a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in 1690. This small group of stars lies along the path of the [G/Milky Way], just north of [Y/Sagittarius]. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Scuti ([S/142408]). Scutum is best seen from August-October. "Must See" objects include: two galactic clusters (the [F/Wild Duck Cluster] and [M/M26]. In Greek mythology, the [G/constellation] of Serpens is associated with the story of Asclepius, the god of Medicine. Asclepius once killed a snake that had entered his hut. Soon after, another snake entered the hut carrying a strange herb in its mouth. The second snake placed the herb in the mouth of its dead friend who immediately came back to life. Asclepius was amazed. He took the herb from the snake and used its healing powers on humans. Serpens represents the snake with the healing herb, while the constellation of [Y/Ophiuchus] represents the god of medicine. The brightest [G/star] in Serpens is [W/Unukalhai]. This constellation is best seen from July-August. "Must See" objects include: [M/M5], a globular cluster; the [F/Eagle Nebula]. Sextans is considered a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in 1690. Until that time, the stars in this group had been part of the constellation of [Y/Hydra]. The brightest [G/star] in Sextant, Alpha Sextanis [S/137366] is only [G/magnitude] 4.5. The rest of the stars in the constellation are even fainter, making Sextans rather difficult to locate. Sextans is best seen from April-June. The ancient Egyptians associated this [G/constellation] with their Bull-god over 4,000 years ago, making Taurus one of the oldest constellations in the sky. As you may imagine, with 4,000 years of history, there are many stories surrounding this heavenly bull. In Greek mythology alone, there are at least two stories about the bull, both with Zeus, the king of the gods, as the main character. In one story, Zeus fell in love with the maiden Europa. To lure her away from her father's servants, Zeus changed himself into a beautiful white bull with golden horns. Europa climbed onto his back and before she realized what was happening, Zeus waded into the water and began swimming across the ocean. Europa couldn't jump off his back because the water was too deep. He took her to a distant island where he turned back into his original form and they had many children together. Another story tells of Zeus falling in love with the maiden Io. To protect Io from the wrath of his wife, Hera, Zeus turned her into a white cow. Io escaped. Zeus then changed himself into a white bull and roamed the countryside until he found her. The two lovers were happy for a while, until Zeus was forced to return to Hera. In the sky, the face of the bull forms a distinct "V" shaped pattern. Almost every [G/star] in the "V" belongs to the [F/Hyades], a beautiful galactic [G/cluster]. The brightest star in the "V", [W/Aldebaran], is also the brightest star in the constellation. It is known as the red "eye of the bull." While this star appears to lie within the cluster, Aldebaran is actually two times closer to our solar system than the rest of the stars in the cluster. Another distinct star group in Taurus is the [F/Pleiades] (sometimes called the Seven Sisters). Because of its shape in the sky, this compact group of bright stars is sometimes mistaken for the [G/Little Dipper]. Each of these two clusters are surrounded by their own stories and legends. Taurus is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Hyades]; the [F/Pleiades]; [M/M1], a supernova remnant. Telescopium is a modern [G/constellation], placed in the sky in the mid 1700's in honor of the invention of the telescope. Its brightest [G/star] is Alpha Telescopii, [S/229023]. This small, faint constellation can be found just to the south of [Y/Corona Australis]. Telescopium is best seen from August-September in the southern hemisphere. This small [G/constellation] is shaped like its namesake. Three stars form a small, narrow triangle in the sky, with a fourth star lying close to the triangle's narrow base. This constellation lies between the larger constellations of [Y/Andromeda] and [Y/Aries]. Its brightest [G/star] is Beta Trianguli, [S/55306]. Triangulum is best seen from October-December. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Pinwheel Galaxy]. This [G/constellation] was first added to the charts in the early 1600's. Its three brightest stars form an equilateral triangle. The brightest [G/star] is Alpha Trianguli Australe, [S/253700]. This group of stars is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen year round from the southern hemisphere. "Must See" objects include: [N/NGC 6025], a galactic cluster. Tucana is the faintest [G/constellation] in the group known as the "Southern Birds". Other "southern birds" include [Y/Grus], [Y/Pavo], and [Y/Phoenix]. Though the stars within Tucana are fairly faint, this constellation is easy to locate because the [F/Small Magellanic Cloud] lies within its boundaries and is easily visible to the [G/naked eye]. The brightest star in Tucana is Alpha Tucanae, [S/255193]. "Must See" objects include: The [F/Small Magellanic Cloud]; two globular clusters, [F/47 Tucanae] and [N/NGC 362]; Beta Tucanae, [S/248201] a sextuple star system. Ursa Major contains the most famous seven stars in the northern hemisphere. Known as the [G/Big Dipper], the Plough, or the Chariot, these seven stars represent just a small portion of the great bear. Indian tribes in North America associated the bowl of the dipper as the main body of the bear with the stars of its handle representing hunters chasing the bear around the sky. Look closely at the middle [G/star] and you can see that the second hunter is carrying a cooking pot (a faint second star) on his back. That second star in the handle is [W/Mizar]/Alcor, a visual double star system. In Greek mythology, the Great Bear represents the maiden, Callisto. Zeus, the king of the gods, fell in love with the beautiful maiden. His jealous wife, Hera, turned Callisto into a bear, so the maiden would no longer catch the eye of her husband. As Callisto wandered the forests as a bear, she came across a young hunter whom she recognized as her son. When she rose up on her hind legs to greet the young man, the hunter was scared. He did not know this mighty beast was his mother. He took aim at the bear with his spear. Just before he threw the deadly weapon, Zeus saw the confrontation and intervened. He turned the son into a bear, then picked up both mother and son by their tails and placed them in the sky. Today, Callisto's son, [Y/Ursa Minor] follows his mother around the sky. The brightest star in this constellation is [W/Alioth], the first star in the handle of the dipper as it is seen coming off the scoop. Alioth is just a little brighter than its second brightest star, [W/Dubhe], the first star in the dipper's scoop, across from where the handle attaches to the scoop. Ursa Major is a [G/circumpolar] constellation for many in the northern hemisphere, but it is best seen high in the sky from April-June. "Must See" objects include: two spiral galaxies, [M/M81] and [M/M82]. This [G/constellation] contains the most famous star in the northern hemisphere, [W/Polaris], or the North Star. Many people believe that the North Star is the brightest star in the sky. This is not the case. In fact, Polaris ranks about 50th on the list of bright stars. The reason Polaris is mentioned frequently is because of its location in the sky. It lines up almost directly with Earth's north celestial pole. Polaris appears to remain fixed in the sky as the rest of the stars rotate around it. In Greek mythology, Ursa Minor is associated with the son of Callisto. Callisto was a beautiful maiden turned into a bear by the jealous Hera. As a bear, Callisto was forced to wander the forests where she was almost killed by her hunter son. Zeus saw what was about to take place and turned the son into a bear before he could kill his mother. Zeus then raised them both to the sky. In the sky, the little bear is hanging from Polaris by his tail. The little bear is also known as the Little Dipper, but this group of stars is not as bright as the [G/Big Dipper] and is more difficult to find. Polaris marks the end of the handle of the dipper. Two stars at the front of the scoop are the only other stars easily visible from most urban areas. Ursa Minor is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen year round from most of the northern hemisphere. Vela was once part of the constellation of Argo, the large sailing ship of the southern skies. During the 1750's, Argo was divided into four separate constellations, although these new constellations retained the nautical theme. Other segments of the sailing ship include [Y/Carina] the keel, [Y/Puppis] the stern, and [Y/Pyxis] the compass. The brightest star in Vela is Gamma Velorum, [S/219501]. Vela is best seen from March-April in the southern hemisphere. It is difficult to choose just one story to describe this [G/constellation] because, throughout recorded history, Virgo has been associated with many different Earth goddesses and female heroines. One of the earliest stories surrounding Virgo comes from the ancient Babylonians. Ishtar was their Earth goddess who was very much in love with her husband. When he died, he passed to the Underworld, where all mortals go when they die. Ishtar could not bear to be without her husband, so she followed him into the Underworld. As she descended into the land of the dead, cold and darkness fell upon the land above. Ishtar found her husband and begged the Queen of the Underworld to return him to the land of the living. She refused, so Ishtar remained with her husband. Meanwhile, in the land above, the cold and dark continued. Plants would not grow, no baby animals were born. The world was dying. The other gods were alarmed by the prolonged winter. They sent a messenger to the Underworld, asking the Queen to grant Ishtar's request. Since the gods above had more power than the Queen of the Underworld, she reluctantly granted Ishtar's wish. As soon as Ishtar returned to the surface with her husband, the air began to warm and plants began to grow. Spring had returned to the land. Every year, Ishtar returns to the Underworld to thank the Queen for returning her husband to her. While she is away, winter falls on the land. When she returns to the surface, so does spring. In the sky, one can use the handle of the [G/Big Dipper] to find Virgo. Simply follow the curve of the handle away from the dipper. The line from the handle will arc to [W/Arcturus] then speed on to [W/Spica], the brightest star in Virgo. Virgo is best seen from April-June. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Sombrero Galaxy]; [M/M49], an elliptical galaxy. Volans is a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in the early 1600's. Its brightest star is Gamma Volantis, [S/256374]. Volans is a [G/circumpolar] constellation and can be seen year round from the southern hemisphere. Vulpecula is considered a modern [G/constellation], added to the charts in 1690. It can be found lying just below and a little to the east of the bright star [W/Albireo]. The brightest star in this constellation is Anser, [S/87261]. "Must See" objects include: the [F/Dumbbell] nebula. Accretion DiskA disk of material that has been trapped by a [G/black hole], but hasn't yet been pulled inside. ApolloThe name given to the U.S. manned space program designed to land humans on the [G/Moon]. The program was a success, with twelve Apollo astronauts actually walking on the Moon. The first moon landing, Apollo 11, occurred on July, 20, 1969. The last landing, Apollo 17, was on December 11, 1972. Asteroid BeltThe asteroid belt lies between the [G/orbit]s of [P/Mars] and [P/Jupiter] and contains over 100,000 asteroids, most smaller than half a mile (1 km). AsteroidsSmall, rocky objects. Most asteroids, but not all, can be found in the [G/asteroid belt]. Trojan asteroids travel in orbit around [P/Jupiter], in front of or trailing the planet. Amor asteroids cross the orbit of [P/Mars] and Apollo asteroids cross the orbit of Earth. A.U.An A.U., or Astronomical Unit, represents the average distance between [G/Earth] and the [G/Sun], and is equal to 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. Averted VisionWhen looking through a telescope, focus your eye on the edge of the [G/field of view] and use your peripheral vision to scan the central area. This technique is best used to detect faint objects such as a [G/nebula] or a [G/galaxy]. BayerIn 1901, an astronomer named Bayer first used the Greek alphabet to classify the brightness of [G/star]s in a [G/constellation]. The brightest star was designated "Alpha", the second brightest "Beta" and so on. For example, the fifth brightest star in the constellation of [Y/Lyra] is designated Epsilon Lyra. Big DipperSeven stars in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Ursa Major] that form a dipper. Three stars form the handle of the dipper, while four stars form the scoop. The two stars in the front of the dipper's scoop are known as the "Pointer" stars, because they point to [W/Polaris], the North Star. Black HoleA black hole is a bizarre object of incredible mass, yet no volume. Its gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its pull. A black hole is sometimes formed after the death of a supermassive star. Black holes are also found in the center of some galaxies. Blue Moon"Blue Moon" refers to the second Full Moon, [g/Moon, Full] within one calendar month. A "Blue Moon" occurs once every 2 1/2 to 3 years. CassiniA 17th century French astronomer who discovered the large gap in the rings of [P/Saturn]. Cassini DivisionName given to the 3,100 mile wide (5,000 km) dark division in [P/Saturn]'s rings. This division in the rings contains small fragments of dark material. CCDA CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) is an electronic camera that includes a silicon chip covered with a series of sensors. These sensors collect and record individual photons of light that fall onto the silicon chip. The photons are counted and entered into a computer program that converts the numbers into an image. CCD cameras are much more sensitive than standard film, producing digital images that can be enhanced to bring out subtle details. Celestial PoleTwo points in the sky, one aligned with the North pole of Earth, the other aligned with the South pole of Earth. All the stars in the sky appear to rotate around these celestial poles. Although no star lines up precisely with these points, the "north star", [W/Polaris], does come extremely close. CircumpolarCircumpolar stars or [G/constellation]s can be seen year round, never setting below the horizon for most of the world. Circumpolar objects are usually defined as any star or constellation that lies within 20 degrees of either the north or south [G/celestial pole]. ClumpyThe best way to describe [P/Neptune]'s main ring. For some reason, the main ring around Neptune is not uniform in appearance. Instead, material is clumped together at three different locations throughout the ring. ClusterA large grouping of [G/star]s. Two different types include galactic, or open, clusters (loose grouping of young stars formed from the same diffuse [G/nebula]) and globular clusters (compact sphere of thousands of stars, older and more distant than galactic clusters). Coma Star ClusteCovering an area ten times greater than that of a full [G/Moon], this galactic [G/cluster] in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Coma Berenices] is too large to observe through a telescope. Instead, use binoculars to scan the cluster. This cluster is approximately 250 [G/light year]s away. CometsA small body of ice and rock in an [G/elliptical] [G/orbit] around the Sun. When comets approach the Sun, they heat up and melt, leaving behind a long tail of ice and dust. ConstellationA group of stars that ancient people formed into an imaginary pattern. Finding a constellation requires a good imagination and the ability to play a stellar version of connect-the-dots. There were 48 original constellations, first mapped out by the ancient astronomer Ptolemy. Today there are 88 "official" constellations. CraterCircular impression found on most rocky bodies in the solar system. Craters are formed when [G/meteors] slam into the surface of a [G/moon] or [G/planet]. Deep Sky ObjectsFaint objects beyond our [G/solar system]. EarthThe origin of Earth's name is unknown. Our planet is the only planet in the solar system capable of supporting liquid water. In fact, 70% of Earth's surface is covered by water. Earth is one of the most geologically active planets; volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires and severe storms are constantly resurfacing the planet, changing its appearance. Earth is also the only planet in the solar system known to support life. The diameter of Earth at the equator is 7,926 miles (12,756 km). The mass of the Earth is 13.17 trillion trillion pounds (5.974 trillion trillion kg). Earth SatellitesObjects in [G/orbit] around Earth, natural (the [G/Moon]) or man-made (space stations, weather satellites, etc.) Earth YearsA year on Earth is equal to 365.2422 days. Eclipsing BinaryA binary [G/star] system refers to two stars in [G/orbit] around a common point. When one star eclipses, or passes in front of the other, as seen from Earth, the star in front blocks the light from the second star. As a result, the overall brightness of the system decreases. EllipticalThe [G/orbit]s of most objects are elliptical, or egg-shaped. EquinoxTwo days during the year when the amount of time the Sun is above the horizon equals the amount of time it is below the horizon, hence a day of equal daylight and darkness. The equinox occurs in March when the [G/Sun] appears to cross over Earth's equator and begin its trek into the northern skies. In the northern hemisphere, this marks the first day of spring. In September, the Sun crosses back over the equator and begins its travels in the southern skies, marking the first day of fall in the northern hemisphere. Extra Solar SystPlanets orbiting stars other than our Sun. Field of ViewThe area of sky seen through a pair of binoculars or a telescope. The more magnification used, the smaller the field of view. Galactic CenterThe center of a [G/galaxy]. Spiral galaxies have a distinct, large sphere of stars at their galactic center. GalaxyAn extremely large grouping of objects containing stars, nebulae, clusters, black holes, and much more. Different types include spiral (pinwheel shaped) galaxies, elliptical (egg-shaped) galaxies, and irregular galaxies. GalileoGalileo Galilie, 1564-1642, was an Italian astronomer and physicist. He was also the first person to use a telescope to study the sky. Galileo discovered many things with his telescope, including the four largest moons of [P/Jupiter] and [G/crater]s on the Moon. Galileo spacecraGalileo launched on Oct. 18, 1989 to study [P/Jupiter] and its moons. It is the first spacecraft to go into orbit around a gas giant planet. Galileo released a probe that plunged into the [G/jovian] atmosphere. Information from Galileo has incredibly expanded our knowledge of the jovian system. GanymedeLargest [G/moon] in the solar system. At 3,270 miles (5,276 km) in diameter, it is larger than the planets [P/Mercury] at 3,024 miles, (4,878 km) and [P/Pluto] at 1,400 miles (2,300 km). Ganymede orbits the planet [P/Jupiter]. HighlandsHeavily cratered regions found on the [G/Moon]'s southern hemisphere. The highlands are over four billion years old, the oldest surfaces found on the Moon. Hubble TelescopeThe Hubble Space Telescope was launched on board the space shuttle in 1990 and placed in low Earth orbit. From its vantage point in space, above Earth's turbulent atmosphere, its 93.6 inch (2.4 meter) objective mirror has revealed an incredible amount of information about our universe. InfraredElectromagnetic radiation that lies just beyond the visible portion of light. Longer than the red wavelengths, this type of radiation can be detected as heat. Int'l Space StatWhen completed, this space station will be 290 feet (79.9 m) in length, 356 feet (108 m) at its widest point and will orbit at an altitude of 220 nautical miles (407 km) above the Earth. IRASThe Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was launched on January 25, 1983 to study [G/infrared] sources in deep space. JovianAnything relating to [P/Jupiter]. LanderSpacecraft designed to land gently on the surface of a planet or moon and send back pictures and scientific data from the surface. Light YearThe distance a beam of light travels in one year: 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km). LimbThe natural curved edge of a [G/planet] or [G/moon], as seen from [G/Earth]. Little DipperSeven [G/star]s in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Ursa Minor] form a dipper: three stars form the handle of the dipper, while four stars form the scoop. The Little Dipper is smaller and much fainter than the [G/Big Dipper]. [W/Polaris], the North Star, represents the last star in the dipper's handle. Local GroupA group of about 20 nearby galaxies, including our own [G/Milky Way] and the [F/Andromeda Galaxy]. LuminosityHow bright an object appears, not just in the visible wavelengths of light, but over its entire spectrum. LuminousHow luminous a star appears is determined by its luminosity, the amount of energy the star emits across its entire spectrum, including infrared, visible, ultraviolet, microwave, x-ray, and all other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Lunar EclipseWhen the Moon passes through Earth's shadow. A lunar eclipse can only occur when the Moon is full, and Earth lies between the Sun and the Moon. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon passes through the umbra (dark shadow). A partial eclipse occurs when only a portion of the Moon passes through the umbra. A penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon only passed through an area of reduced sunlight called the penumbral shadow. In a penumbral eclipse the brightness of the moon is reduced but no dark shadow appears on the surface. MagellanSpacecraft designed to complete a radar mapping mission of [P/Venus]. Launched May 4, 1989 by the U.S., Magellan was a complete success, revealing strange features on the surface of Venus (domes, lava tubes, possible fault lines) as it mapped the entire planet. MagnitudeA scale used to compare the brightness of celestial objects. The brighter the object, the smaller its magnitude rating. In fact, [P/Venus] at its brightest in our skies, has a rating of magnitude -4.5. The bright star, [W/Betelgeuse] is magnitude 0.5. The faintest objects that can be seen with the [G/naked eye] are magnitude 5.5. MariaPronounced MAR-ee-uh, these large, dark smooth regions found in the northern and central regions of the [G/Moon], were formed when huge [G/meteors] slammed into the Moon's surface and cracked its crust. Lava from the Moon's then liquid central core seeped up through the cracks, filling in the original [G/crater]s, leaving a smooth dark surface. Samples brought back by the [G/Apollo] astronauts indicate the maria to be almost three billion years old, much younger than the heavily cratered [G/highlands] to the south. Mariner 10Spacecraft launched on Nov. 3, 1973 by U.S. to study the planets [P/Venus] and [P/Mercury]. This was the first dual-planet mission, using the gravity of Venus to propel itself on to Mercury. Mariner 10 flew by Venus on Feb. 5, 1974, continuing on to take the first closeup pictures of Mercury on Mar. 29, 1974. It flew by Mercury two additional times. Mariner ValleyRift valley on [P/Mars] over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) long and 4 miles (6.4 km) deep. On Earth, this valley would stretch from New York to Los Angeles. Mars Global SurvThe first of several spacecraft in the Mars Surveyor program, Mars Global Surveyor was launched on November 7, 1996 by the US and arrived at [P/Mars] on September 17, 1997. In orbit around Mars, the spacecraft is studying the atmosphere and photographing the planet. The spacecraft will also act as communication support for future missions. MessierCharles Messier was a famous eighteenth century French astronomer and author of the Messier catalog of faint objects. Messier created his catalog to avoid confusion between known deep sky nebulae and faint, new comets, his main interest. Messier contributed 103 objects to his list. An additional 7 objects have been added over the years, for a total of 110 objects. MeteorsSmall pieces of rocks and dust which enter Earth's atmosphere at great speeds. Friction between the dust and the atmosphere causes the rock to heat up, leaving behind a bright streak of light. Most burn up before they hit the ground. The larger rocks do hit the ground, forming [G/crater]s. Milky WayOur home galaxy. Its spiral arms can be seen as glowing clouds of distant stars, stretching across the sky from August through October. The center of the Milky Way is located in the area just behind the [G/constellation] of [Y/Sagittarius]. The bright, individual stars we see in the sky also belong to the Milky Way. These stars lie within the same spiral arm as our [G/solar system] and are our celestial neighbors. MirThe Russian space station Mir, was launched on February 19, 1986. During its life, several modules were added to the space station, it provided a home to over sixty crew members from over a dozen countries. The space station orbited the Earth at an average distance of 242 miles (390 km). It was de-orbited on March 23, 2001. Mir make 86,331 orbits of the Earth during its life. MoonThe common name for [G/Earth]'s only natural [G/satellite]. A moon also refers to a natural satellite orbiting around any [G/planet]. Moon, First QuarThe Moon is in its First Quarter. A First Quarter Moon occurs when the western half of the Earth-facing side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. The Sun's light falls on the Moon's surface at an angle. In the southern [G/highlands], it illuminates some of the crater walls and central mountain peaks, but leaves the floors of some craters in darkness. The northernmost [G/maria] is Mare Frigoris. Just below that, cut off by the [G/terminator], is the beginning of Mare Imbrium. The Sea of Serenity and Sea of Tranquility are also visible towards the center of the Moon. In the sky, a First Quarter moon is visible before sunset and can be seen during the early evening hours. Moon, FullThe Moon is Full. A Full Moon occurs when the entire Earth-facing side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. Through a telescope, this is the worst time to observe the Moon. With the [G/Sun] shining straight onto the Moon, there are no shadows or sense of depth. The lunar surface is all but washed out. A Full Moon rises as the Sun sets and sets as the Sun rises. A [G/lunar eclipse] can only occur during a Full Moon. Moon, NewThe Moon is New. A New Moon is not visible from Earth. A New Moon occurs when the entire far-side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. As a result, the Earth-facing side is in darkness and not visible. With the Moon's light out of the way, this phase is the best time to look for those faint [G/deep sky objects] that the Moon's light normally washes out. The exact moment of New Moon has significance in several religions around the world and it is the only time a [G/solar eclipse] can occur. Moon, Third QuarThe Moon is in its Third Quarter. A Third Quarter Moon occurs when the eastern half of the Earth-facing side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. The small, heavily cratered area you see near one end of the Moon is the [G/highlands] at the south pole. Near the north pole is the narrow band of Mare Frigoris. Below that is Mare Imbrium, or the Sea of Rains. Located almost in the middle, is the large crater Copernicus - 58 miles (93 km) wide and 2.2 miles (3.7 km) deep. Curving along the [G/limb] is the largest [G/maria] on the moon, Oceanus Procellarum, the Ocean of Storms. In the sky, a Third Quarter moon is visible after midnight and can be seen during the early morning hours. It can even be seen after the Sun rises in the morning sky. Observe along the [G/terminator] to see the most detail. Moon, Waning CreThe Moon is a Waning Crescent. A Waning Crescent Moon occurs when the Moon is between Third Quarter [G/Moon, Third Quarter] phase and New Moon [G/Moon, New]. It looks like a banana, or a "smile" that is shrinking or "waning" as less and less of its Earth-facing side is illuminated by sunlight. Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms) is the largest [G/maria] on the Moon and is visible near the [G/limb]. A Waning Crescent Moon can be seen in the early morning skies in the east. Moon, Waning GibThe Moon is Waning Gibbous. A Waning Gibbous occurs when the Moon has passed its Full Moon phase, [G/Moon, Full], but has not yet reached Third Quarter, [G/Moon, Third Quarter]. Less and less of the Earth-facing side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. It is best to observe a gibbous moon along its [G/terminator], where the Sun casts shadows on the lunar surface. The heavily cratered [G/highlands] at the south pole are a good observing target. [G/Maria] - Mare Vaporum, near the Moon's center, Mare Imbrium, and Oceanus Procellarum, near the [G/limb] - cover a vast majority of the remaining visible surface. A Waning Gibbous Moon can be found, rising well after sunset in the eastern sky. Moon, Waxing CreThe Moon is Waxing Crescent. A Waxing Crescent Moon occurs when the Moon is between its New Moon phase, [G/Moon, New], and First Quarter, [G/Moon, First Quarter]. It looks like a banana, or a "smile" that is growing larger as more and more of the Earth-facing side of the Moon is illuminated by sunlight. Mare Crisium, the Sea of Crises, is visible near the [G/limb] as a distinct dark, round feature. Another [G/maria], the Sea of Fertility, is visible as a dark "blob" below (or above, depending on your orientation) near the nice, round Mare Crisium. A Waxing Crescent Moon can be seen in the early evening skies in the west. Moon, Waxing GibThe Moon is Waxing Gibbous. A Waxing Gibbous Moon occurs when more than half of the Earth-facing side of the Moon is visible, but the Moon is not yet full. Details within the Sea of Tranquility, Sea of Serenity and Sea of Rains begin to fade as more and more of the lunar surface is illuminated by the Sun. In the southern hemisphere, details within the heavily cratered [G/highlands] can still be seen along the [G/terminator]. A Waxing Gibbous Moon can be seen in the eastern evening sky as the Sun goes down. Naked EyeObserving without any optical aid (i.e., binoculars or a telescope). NebulaAn interstellar cloud of gas and dust. Different types include Diffuse nebulae (where stars are forming), Supernova Remnants (cloud of debris from a supernova explosion), and Reflection Nebula (light from bright stars reflecting off of a nearby cloud). NGCNew Galactic Catalog. William Herschel (the discoverer of [P/Uranus]) and his son, John Herschel, observed and recorded nearly 5,000 [G/deep sky objects]. Astronomer J. Dreyer added to their list and the entire work was published in 1888 as the New Galactic Catalog. Today the list includes over 15,000 objects, which are referred to by their NGC numbers (i.e., the [F/Great Orion Nebula] is also known as [N/NGC 1976]). NucleusThe center of a galaxy. Olympus MonsLocated on [P/Mars], Olympus Mons rises 15 miles (24 km) above the surrounding Martian surface, making it the tallest mountain in the solar system. This giant, extinct volcano is almost three times higher than Mount Everest. OrbitThe path a celestial object (satellite, moon, planet, star) travels around another celestial object. Most objects follow an elliptical (egg-shaped) orbit. OrbiterSpacecraft designed to orbit a planet or moon, taking pictures and gathering scientific data from space. PathfinderThe name of a spacecraft launched on Dec. 3, 1996 by U.S. that bounce-landed on [P/Mars], on July 4, 1997. Pathfinder contained a small rover which was able to travel several meters from the lander, studying rock samples and taking photos. Pioneer 10Spacecraft designed to study [P/Jupiter]. Launched on March 2, 1971 by the U.S., Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to pass through the [G/asteroid belt] and obtained the first closeup pictures of Jupiter on Dec. 3, 1973. Pioneer 11Spacecraft designed to study [P/Jupiter] and [P/Saturn]. Pioneer 11 was launched on April 5, 1973 by the U.S. It flew by Jupiter on Dec. 2, 1974 and Saturn on Sept. 1, 1979. PlanetA large body orbiting a star. Planet is the Greek word for wanderer. This name is appropriate because planets appear to wander through the sky as they orbit around the [G/Sun], while the stars remain fixed. Planetary NebulaA sphere of gas surrounding an older sun-like star, formed when the dying star shrugs off its outer atmosphere. These objects have nothing to do with [G/planet]s. PrecessionThe slow wobble of Earth's rotational axis. Similar to the way a spinning top wobbles slowly on a table, Earth's poles wobble, or precess, as it spins on its axis. Precession causes the poles to slowly circle, thus pointing to different areas of the sky over the 25,000 years it takes to complete one wobble. ProtostarsFound in diffuse [G/nebula]e, protostars are dark "globules" of gas and dust drawn together by gravity to form a sphere. As the gravitational collapse continues, the temperature and pressure at the core of the sphere increases to the point where nuclear fusion begins. When that happens, the protostar becomes a full-fledged star. PulsarA neutron star (a tiny, massive star produced after a supernova explosion) which rotates incredibly fast, emitting a series of radio pulses. QuasarQuasi-stellar objects which lie at great distances and produce tremendous amounts of energy. RaysWhen a [G/crater] is formed, material from the explosion is flung away from the point of impact, forming streaks across the lunar surface. These streaks, called rays, can be seen extending away from some of the larger lunar craters. ResolveThe act of separating into individual components. For example, a telescope's ability to separate a multiple star system into its individual components, or the ability of the human eye to separate the light from a car into two separate headlights. RetrogradeTraveling in the opposite direction of the majority of planets and moons. RilleA long, narrow crack in the [G/Moon]'s surface. Ring SystemBand of small particles orbiting a [G/planet]. Particles range in size from a grain of sand to the size of a house. White, icy particles are found in [P/Saturn]'s ring system. The rings around [P/Jupiter], [P/Uranus], and [P/Neptune] are made of extremely dark material. SarosA period of 18 years 11.33 days in which the pattern of lunar and solar eclipses repeat. A Saros number defines a particular eclipse configuration within that period. SatelliteAn object, natural or manmade, in [G/orbit] around a planet. Solar EclipseWhen the [G/Moon] moves between the [G/Sun] and Earth. A solar eclipse can only occur during the New Moon phase. There are three types of solar eclipses: a total eclipse (when the Moon completely covers the Sun); a partial solar eclipse (when the Moon only covers a portion of the Sun); and an annular solar eclipse (if the eclipse occurs when the Moon is at its farthest point in its orbit, its disk isn't large enough to completely cover the Sun, so a ring of sunlight appears around the Moon). Solar SystemA [G/star] and anything in [G/orbit] around it. Our solar system consists of nine [G/planet]s orbiting around the [G/Sun]. It also includes [G/meteors], [G/comets], and [G/asteroids]. SolsticeThe solstice marks two days of the year: the day the [G/Sun] reaches its northernmost point in our sky (in June) and the day the Sun reaches its southernmost point in the sky (in December). The June solstice marks the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere and the longest day. For those in the southern hemisphere, it marks the first day of winter and the shortest day of the year. In December, the positions are reversed. The solstice marks the first day of winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the south. Southern CrossFour bright [G/star]s which form a distinct cross in the southern sky. The stars are located in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Crux]. SpectroscopeAn instrument designed to observe a star's spectrum, or individual wavelengths of light. A star's spectrum can reveal its temperature, star type, and composition. StarA huge ball of hydrogen gas with nuclear reactions occurring in its core. Our Sun is a star. The color of a star depends on its temperature: a red star indicates a relatively cool surface; a yellow star is a medium type star, like our Sun; and a blue star is a super hot star that burns its fuel extremely fast. SunThe Sun is a star at the center of our solar system. The main difference between our Sun and the stars visible at night is distance. On average, Earth is only 93 million miles (150 million km) from the Sun. The next nearest star, Alpha Centauri [S/252838], is 4.2 [G/light year]s, or 25 trillion miles (40 trillion km) away. SupernovaThe most powerful explosion in the universe, occurring at the death of a supermassive [G/star]. A supernova blast is so powerful, one dying star can easily outshine an entire galaxy of stars. Leftover debris forms a cloud of material expanding away from the point of explosion. If the dying star was massive enough, a [G/pulsar] or a [G/black hole] may form after the explosion. TerminatorThe dividing line between the sunlight and darkness on the Moon. TitanLargest [G/moon] of [P/Saturn], Titan is the only moon with an atmosphere. Titan's methane atmosphere contains a thick layer of clouds which hide its surface from cameras. Titan may have lakes of liquid methane on its surface. TritonLargest [G/moon] of [P/Neptune], Triton is one of the coldest places in the solar system. [G/Voyager 2] measured temperatures of -391^F (-235^C) at the surface of the moon. The spacecraft also discovered active geysers erupting on Triton, spewing nitrogen and dust several miles into space. Venera 14Launched on Nov. 4, 1981, by what was then called the USSR, this spacecraft landed on [P/Venus] March 3, 1982. The spacecraft transmitted information about the atmosphere while descending to the surface. After touching down, it took a soil sample of the surface. It operated for almost an hour before shutting down. Virgo ClusterAn enormous group of galaxies covering a large portion of the sky, including the [G/constellation]s of [Y/Virgo], [Y/Coma Berenices], [Y/Canes Venatici] and [Y/Corvus]. Over 3,000 galaxies have been photographed in this region. Voyager 1Launched on September 5, 1977, Voyager 1 was one of two spacecraft designed to tour the larger planets of the solar system. Voyager 1 flew by [P/Jupiter] in 1979 and [P/Saturn] in 1980. Voyager 2Launched on August 20, 1977, Voyager 2 was one of two spacecraft designed to tour the larger planets of the solar system. Voyager 2 flew by [P/Jupiter] in 1976, [P/Saturn] in 1981, [P/Uranus] in 1986; and [P/Neptune] in 1989. ZodiacThe path the [G/Sun] appears to travel through the stars every year. Long ago, this path was divided into the twelve constellations we know today as the zodiac. This spiral [G/galaxy] is situated perfectly edge-on with respect to the [G/Milky Way]. Since the spiral arms of the galaxy are extremely thin, they almost disappear when observing them from the side, or edge-on. The only real evidence of this galaxy's spiral structure is the dark dust lanes lying between our view and the galaxy's [G/nucleus]. Through a small telescope, its nucleus appears as a faint, tiny oval patch of light. A challenging object for a small telescope, this [G/planetary nebula] is extremely small and faint in our skies. Attempt to observe this planetary nebula only on extremely dark nights. Use a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible and observe using [G/averted vision]. Through a 8-inch (203 mm) or larger telescope look for a small, faint, slightly elongated cloud. PHL909: This [G/quasar] is 1.5 billion [G/light year]s from Earth. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is visible only to the largest telescopes on Earth. Because of its orientation in the sky, this [G/galaxy] has been difficult to classify. From our point of view, we see the galaxy from the side, or edge-on. Very little detail can be made out from this angle. Astronomers believe this is either a barred spiral galaxy or a flattened irregular galaxy. It is about 8 million [G/light year]s away and 70,000 light years across. Through a small telescope, look for a narrow, faint streak of light in the [G/field of view]. Only the largest telescopes can begin to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s within this galaxy. 47 Tucanae: This globular [G/cluster] is one of the best in the sky, second only to [F/Omega Centauri]. This glowing sphere of over 100,000 [G/star]s is 16,000 [G/light year]s away and almost 210 light years in diameter. It can be found just to the west of the [F/Small Mag. Cloud]. Through a small telescope, the cluster can be seen as a bright, round patch of light. 4-inch (100mm) telescopes and larger can [G/resolve] individual stars around the cluster's edge. Experiment with different magnifications by observing this cluster through a variety of eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 35 stars. This [G/galaxy] is a extremely faint edge-on spiral. This small elliptical [G/galaxy] is an extremely faint companion to the giant [F/Andromeda Galaxy], placing it at a distance of 2.2 million [G/light year]s. It is 4,400 light years in diameter. This small elliptical [G/galaxy] is an extremely faint companion to the giant [F/Andromeda Galaxy]. Although it is slightly brighter than another companion galaxy, [C/C17], it is still very faint in our skies. This galaxy is 2.2 million [G/light year]s away and 2,300 light years in diameter. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is a companion to the great [F/Andromeda Galaxy]. It is 2.2 million [G/light year]s away and 5,400 light years in diameter. M110 was not listed in [G/Messier]'s original catalog, but was added in 1967. Currently, this galaxy is the last object in the catalog. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy, star-like object very near the much larger Andromeda Galaxy. This small elliptical [G/galaxy] appears to be in [G/orbit] around the great [F/Andromeda Galaxy]. It is approximately the same distance from us as its larger companion, over 2.2 million [G/light year]s, and is 2,400 light years in diameter. It can be seen as a fuzzy [G/star] just to the south of the larger galaxy. Through a small telescope, its great distance and small size make it impossible to [G/resolve] any stars within the galaxy itself. A giant [G/black hole], with a mass equal to 3 million stars like our Sun, is believed to lie at the center of this galaxy. Andromeda Galaxy: The Andromeda galaxy is the closest spiral [G/galaxy] to the [G/Milky Way]. It is 2.2 million [G/light year]s away, 180,000 light years in diameter, and contains over 300 billion stars. The galaxy is so bright that it can be seen with the [G/naked eye] on extremely dark nights. Through a telescope, it appears faint, fuzzy, and cigar-shaped with a brighter central region. It is best seen through wide angle eyepieces. This large scattered [G/cluster] of 15 to 20 [G/star]s forms a W-shape. This galactic [G/cluster] is 5,000 [G/light year]s away. Studies of individual stars within this cluster show it to be the oldest galactic-type cluster in our skies, with an estimated age of 12-14 billion years. For comparison, our [G/solar system] is thought to be 4.5 billion years old. Through a small telescope, this cluster is faint and the [G/star]s within the cluster are difficult to [G/resolve] into individual points. This [G/planetary nebula] appears as a faint star-like object through a small telescope. This spiral [G/galaxy] is large but extremely faint. It is approximately 6-8 million [G/light year]s distant. Through a small telescope, use a low-power, wide angle eyepiece and [G/averted vision] to detect a long, narrow patch of light. Sculptor Galaxy: This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 7.5 million [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope it appears as a faint, pale streak of light, with a slight brightening towards its center. Even though it is faint, the Sculptor Galaxy is best viewed through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. PG0052+251: This [G/quasar] is 1.5 billion [G/light year]s away and lies in the center of a spiral [G/galaxy]. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is all but invisible except to the largest telescopes on Earth. The [G/star]s within this globular [G/cluster] are rather loosely packed. Small Mag. Cloud: At 190,000 [G/light year]s, the Small Magellanic Cloud is an irregular galaxy. It is the second closest galaxy to the [G/Milky Way]. Its nearby neighbor in the sky, the [F/Large Mag. Cloud], is the closest galaxy to our own. The Small Cloud has a diameter of 16,000 light years and contains its own [G/star]s, [G/cluster]s, and [G/nebula]e. Lying on the fringes of the Small Cloud is a globular cluster within our own galaxy, [N/NGC 362]. Use low-power, wide angle eyepieces for observing the galaxy in general. For more detailed studies of areas within the galaxy, use medium to high power. This spiral [G/galaxy] is very large but its low surface brightness makes it difficult to detect. Use a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible. Then, observe using [G/averted vision]. This globular [G/cluster] can be found on the northern fringes of the [F/Small Mag. Cloud]. At a distance of 29,000 [G/light year]s, this cluster is still in our [G/Milky Way], but it is almost twice as far away as its globular cluster neighbor, [C/C106]. Through a small telescope, it appears as a round, hazy patch of light against the mottled backdrop of star clouds of the Small Magellanic Cloud. This extremely dim irregular [G/galaxy] is relatively close to our [G/Milky Way], making it a member of our [G/Local Group] of galaxies. Its distance is approximately 1.8 million [G/light year]s and it is 9,000 light years in diameter. Its low surface brightness makes this galaxy a definite challenge for a small telescope. This galactic [G/cluster] is 9,300 [G/light year]s away and 30 light years in diameter. Because of its great distance, this cluster is difficult to [G/resolve] into individual stars. However, there is one bright [G/star] near the edge of the cluster that should stand out from the hazy cloud. If this bright star is a true member of the cluster, and really is 9,300 light years away, the star must be 275,000 times brighter, or more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun]. This cluster is best seen using medium-power eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] is a compact group of approximately 50 [G/star]s. Galactic clusters are best observed using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. With the cluster centered in the field of view, experiment with different eyepieces to determine which provides the best image. This galactic [G/cluster] is 8,000 [G/light year]s away and 15 light years in diameter. This cluster is small and wedge-shaped, with few [G/star]s. It is best seen through low-power eyepieces. Pinwheel Galaxy: Long exposure photographs of this [G/galaxy] show a beautiful, face-on spiral galaxy in all its splendor. However, through a small telescope this galaxy is a challenge. With little change in brightness over its entire length, there is little contrast for the eye to pick up on. Instead, it appears as a large, dim cloud that can be easily passed over. When observing the Pinwheel Galaxy, use low-power, wide angle eyepieces and slowly scan the entire field of view, looking for any glimpse of the dim distant galaxy. It is possible to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s within the galaxy using 12-inch (300cm) or larger telescopes. This spiral [G/galaxy] is one of the more difficult [G/Messier] objects to locate with a small telescope. It is believed to be 20 million [G/light year]s away and 80,000 light years in diameter. Under extremely dark skies, using a low-power eyepiece, it may be possible to detect a faint, round hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes, which gather more light, have a better chance of seeing this elusive galaxy. Little Dumbbell: This planetary nebula is one of the more difficult [G/Messier] object to locate in a small telescope. This planetary nebula appears similar in structure to the brighter and easier [M/M27] planetary nebula, but fainter and somewhat smaller. This small, compact galactic [G/cluster] lies close to the bright cluster [N/NGC 663]. It contains approximately 50 stars. This compact galactic [G/cluster] lies close to the bright cluster [N/NGC 663]. It contains approximately 50 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] is 2,600 [G/light year]s away. The cluster is rather sparse, containing few [G/star]s and is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This loosely grouped galactic [G/cluster] is 1,300 [G/light year]s away, 17 light years in diameter and contains over 60 stars. It is best seen through wide angle eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] is one of two clusters forming the beautiful Double Cluster of [Y/Perseus]. Of the two, this cluster is closer, younger, and contains more [G/star]s. NGC 869 is about 7,000 [G/light year]s away, 70 light years in diameter, and 6.4 million years old. It contains approximately 400 stars, although less than half of those are visible in a small telescope. NGC 869 is best seen through a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. The Dbl. Cluster: This entry represents a beautiful pair of galactic [G/cluster]s. The two clusters, [N/NGC 869] and [N/NGC 884] can be seen at the same time through a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. Details about each cluster can be found under its individual entry. This galactic [G/cluster] is one of two clusters forming the beautiful Double Cluster of [Y/Perseus]. It is 8,150 [G/light year]s away, 70 light years in diameter, and is approximately 11.5 million years old. This cluster contains approximately 300 stars, although less than half of those are visible in a small telescope. NGC 884 is best seen through a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] has a distinct, dark dust band running through its disk. The galaxy is approximately 20 million [G/light year]s away and 120,000 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for an extremely faint, narrow streak of light only under the best observing conditions: dark skies, calm air and no [G/Moon]. PG1012+008: This [G/quasar] is 1.6 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, it is visible only through the largest telescopes. This galactic [G/cluster] is 1,500 [G/light year]s away. Its central core of stars is about 4 light years in diameter with a few additional stars extending out to a total diameter of 18 light years. There are approximately 60 stars easily visible within the cluster. M34 is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This compact spiral [G/galaxy] is between 30-60 million [G/light year]s away, its distance being rather difficult to determine. This galaxy is unusual for several reasons, the first being its appearance. Long exposure astrophotographs show this galaxy to have three spiral arms (most spiral galaxies have two). Second, it is an extremely strong radio source. Thirdly, early observations of this galaxy, which showed it moving through the universe at a rate of 620 miles per second relative to our own galaxy, helped introduce the theory of the expanding universe. Through a small telescope, look for an extremely faint, irregular patch of light. It is best seen using a low-power eyepiece. Through a small telescope, this barred spiral [G/galaxy] is extremely faint. Look for a small, narrow slash of light when using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. Its faint spiral arms can only be detected on [G/CCD] images and long exposure photographs. The [G/star]s within this globular [G/cluster] are tightly compressed, making it difficult to [G/resolve]. Look for a tiny, fuzzy, round patch through a small telescope. The bigger the telescope, the brighter the image. This galactic [G/cluster] lies just 3 degrees southwest of the brightest [G/star] in [G/Perseus], [W/Mirphak]. This rich cluster contains approximately 150 stars. This extremely faint peculiar [G/galaxy] emits an unusually high amount of radio energy and x-rays. Astronomers are not sure exactly why this system is so active. One theory suggests that the tremendous energy being released may be a result of the interaction between two colliding galaxies. The problem with this theory is that it is difficult to make out a second galaxy within the large cloud. Through a small telescope, this galaxy is extremely small and faint. This distant spiral [G/galaxy] is an extremely strong radio source. This galaxy is the brightest of a group of 18 galaxies belonging to the [Y/Fornax] Galaxy Cluster. Although classified as a spiral, very little structure can be seen. Look for a small, faint, hazy sphere. This irregular-shaped galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 50 [G/star]s. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] is one of 18 galaxies belonging to the [Y/Fornax] Galaxy Cluster. This diffuse [G/nebula] surrounds the 4th [G/magnitude] [G/star] Atik [S/56673]. This face-on spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 25,000 [G/light year]s away. Its dim spiral arms and small [G/nucleus] make it a difficult object for small telescopes. Through an 8-inch (203 mm) telescope, a large faint cloud with a slightly brighter center can be detected. Pleiades: This galactic [G/cluster] is almost too large to enjoy through a telescope. With the [G/naked eye] it is possible to see between six and eight [G/star]s, which form a pattern resembling a little dipper. Through a small telescope, it is revealed that these six to eight [G/star]s are embedded in a cluster of 50-100 stars. The Pleiades are only 410 [G/light year]s away and 7 light years in diameter. Because of its relative closeness and size, it may be difficult to see all of the stars of this cluster at one time in a telescope. To do so requires the use of low-power, wide angle eyepieces. The Pleiades (also known as the Seven Sisters) are connected with many myths and legends around the world. One of the more interesting stories can be found not only in a Greek myth but in Japanese, Australian, African, and American legends as well. The story involves six sisters and a missing seventh sister. She is either hiding or has come down to Earth to be with the man she loves. From these stories, it would seem that one of the stars in the cluster was once much brighter and has since faded from view. How many sisters can you see with the naked eye on a dark, clear night? California Nebula: This very faint, very large diffuse [G/nebula] is shaped like the state of California, hence its nickname of the California Nebula. PKS0405-12: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. This irregular-shaped galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 30 [G/star]s. This planetary [G/nebula] appears as a tiny, pale blue sphere. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 80 [G/star]s. Hyades: This enormous galactic [G/cluster] has a distinct V-shape which makes it relatively easy to locate in the sky. The brightest star in the V is [W/Aldebaran], which doesn't even belong to the cluster. Aldebaran lies at a distance of 68 [G/light year]s while the Hyades are 130 light years away. With the exception of a group of stars in [Y/Ursa Major], the Hyades cluster is the closest galactic cluster to our [G/solar system]. Because this group covers such a large area of the sky, it is almost impossible to view the group in its entirety through a telescope. It is best to observe the Hyades with a low-power, wide angle eyepiece or a pair of binoculars. There are approximately 100 [G/star]s within this loosely grouped galactic [G/cluster]. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 40 [G/star]s. The light from the nearby bright [G/star] [W/Rigel] illuminates the gases within this [G/nebula], making it visible to us on Earth. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 50 [G/star]s. This globular [G/cluster] is a strong source of x-rays, which is unusual for a globular cluster. Through a small telescope, this cluster appears as a faint, round cloud. Larger telescopes are able to [G/resolve] individual stars around the edge of the cluster. Flaming Star Nebula: This diffuse [G/nebula] contains a bright [G/star] just inside its boundaries. This star is not directly associated with the nebula. Instead, it appears to be passing through the area. The nebula is approximately 1,600 [G/light year]s distant and 9 light years in diameter. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 45 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 40 [G/star]s, some of which form the shape of a crescent. Large Mag. Cloud: The Large Magellanic Cloud [G/galaxy] is one of the closest galaxies to our own [G/Milky Way]. It is 169,000 [G/light year]s away and has a diameter of at least 50,000 light years. For many years, it was designated as an irregular galaxy, a galaxy with no uniform structure. Today, there are indications that the galaxy might be more like a barred-spiral, a spiral galaxy with a bar-shape at its core instead of the traditional spherical bulge. This galaxy is easily seen with the [G/naked eye]. Through a small telescope, one can begin to resolve individual stars, star clusters and nebulae within the hazy cloud. More detail is seen with low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 50,000 [G/light year]s away. The small, compact sphere of 50,000 to 100,000 [G/star]s appears as a fuzzy, star-like object in a small telescope. Through a large telescope, 4-inches (102mm) or larger, a few stars can be [G/resolve]d around the edge of the cluster. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 35 [G/star]s. This [G/cluster] is 4,200 [G/light year]s away, 25 light years in diameter and contains 100 stars. M38 is the largest and dimmest of three galactic clusters in [Y/Auriga]. (See [M/M36] and [M/M37].) Crab Nebula: This faint, hazy cloud is all that remains of a star that died in a [G/supernova] explosion on July 4th, 1054 AD. According to ancient Chinese records, it was on that day a new star appeared in the sky, a star so bright, it could be seen even when the [G/Sun] was high in the sky. This guest star was visible for over a year until it faded from sight. From the description and location given in the ancient records, astronomers were able to connect the Crab Nebula with this spectacular event. Through the years the nebula has decreased dramatically in brightness. In the early 1700's, its faint hazy appearance in a telescope prompted Charles [G/Messier] to begin his famous catalog of objects. This cloud is also home to the first [G/pulsar] ever discovered. The faint cloud is still expanding away from the point of the explosion at an astounding rate of 600 miles per second. The cloud is approximately 6,300 [G/light year]s distant. Through a small telescope, the Crab Nebula appears as an extremely small, faint cloud. The cloud's irregular shape can be [G/resolve]d through larger telescopes. Great Orion Nebula: The Orion Nebula is one of the most famous diffuse [G/nebula]e in our skies. It is visible to the [G/naked eye] as the second star in [Y/Orion]'s sword. This nebula is 1600 to 1900 [G/light year]s away and 30 light years in diameter. The brighter, central region is about 6 light years across. Through a small telescope, details within the faint, wispy clouds of this nebula can be seen. Imbedded within the nebula are four young stars which form the Trapezium. These stars were born from the gas and dust within this cloud. Experiment with different eyepieces to explore the vast regions of this nebula. Wide-angle eyepieces are needed to observe the entire nebula, while high-power eyepieces show more details of specific areas within the nebula. Larger telescopes are able to [G/resolve] more details of the cloud structure. This small diffuse [G/nebula] lies just to the north of the [F/Great Orion Nebula]. Originally, this small nebula may have been a part of the larger dust cloud. This diffuse [G/nebula] is a detached segment of the [F/Great Orion Nebula]. This [G/cluster] is 4,100 [G/light year]s away, 14 light years in diameter, and contains over 60 stars. It is the smallest and brightest of three galactic clusters in [Y/Auriga]. See [M/M37] and [M/M38]. This diffuse nebula surrounds the star [W/Alnilam], the middle star of [G/Orion]'s belt. The brightness of the central star may make viewing the nebula difficult. PKS0537-441: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. Tarantula Nebula: Located within the [F/Large Mag. Cloud], the Tarantula Nebula is the largest diffuse [G/nebula] ever discovered. It is 169,000 [G/light year]s away, yet is still bright enough to be seen with the [G/naked eye]. This nebula is over 800 light years in diameter. If this nebula was the same distance from us as the [F/Great Orion Nebula], a famous diffuse nebula in our own galaxy, the Tarantula Nebula would cover over 30^ of the sky and be bright enough to cast shadows. Low-power eyepieces are recommended for viewing the entire nebula. To see more detail within the nebula, use medium-power eyepieces. This diffuse nebula lies just to the east of the bright star [W/Alnitak], the easternmost star in [Y/Orion]'s belt. The brightness of Alnitak may make viewing the nebula difficult. Horsehead Nebula: The Horsehead Nebula is a dark cloud that lies within a diffuse [G/nebula] just to the south of the bright star [W/Alnitak], the easternmost star in [Y/Orion]'s belt. The Horsehead Nebula can only be seen because it lies in front of some very bright [G/star]s. The light from these stars provides a bright background for the dark cloud. The Horsehead Nebula is best seen using long exposure astrophotography. This diffuse [G/nebula] is approximately 1,600 [G/light year]s away and a little over 2 light years in diameter. Though not as impressive as its brilliant neighbor, the [F/Great Orion Nebula], this nebula is easy to locate with a small telescope, resembling a faint comet through a low-power eyepiece. This [G/cluster] is 4,600 [G/light year]s distant, 25 light years in diameter, and contains 150 stars. It is the most distant of three galactic clusters in [Y/Auriga](see [M/M36] and [M/M38]). This faint, compact galactic [G/cluster] lies just off of the larger galactic cluster [M/M35]. It contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] is 2,200 [G/light year]s away and 30 light years in diameter. The stars within this cluster appear to line up in rows, forming chains of lights. This cluster is best seen using low-power eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. Rosette Nebula: The Rosette Nebula is 2,600 [G/light year]s away and 55 light years in diameter. Within this diffuse [G/nebula], long exposure astrophotographs reveal dark clumps of matter, called globules. Astronomers believe these globules are [G/protostars] that will eventually ignite and become stars. Details of this diffuse nebula are hard to resolve with a small telescope. With a low-power wide angle eyepiece, look for a faint cloud surrounding the star cluster [N/NGC 2244]. Large telescopes bring out more of the ring-like structure of this nebula, while long exposure astrophotography can [G/resolve] intricate detail within the gas cloud. This galactic [G/cluster] lies in the center of the [F/Rosette Nebula]. Some astronomers believe that the intense radiation released by newly formed stars in this cluster has cleared the surrounding area of gas and dust, giving the Rosette Nebula its ring-like appearance. The remaining gas glows because it is being heated by these young stars. Hubble's Variable Nebula: This unusual [G/nebula] varies not only its brightness, but its appearance as well. While its general triangular shape remains constant, dark features within the triangle disappear and reappear at unpredicted intervals. Astronomers are not sure of the cause of this variability. This nebula is believed to be 2,600 [G/light year]s away and 7 light years long. Cone Nebula: NGC 2264 is a combination of a galactic [G/cluster] and a [G/nebula]. The galactic cluster is the most noticeable of the two. About twenty of the cluster's brightest stars form a nice Christmas tree pattern. The nebula, sometimes called the Cone Nebula, lies on one side of the base of the Christmas tree and is difficult to resolve with a small telescope. NGC 2264 lies about 2,600 light years away and is about 20 light years across. This compact galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] is located just south of the bright star [W/Sirius]. M41 is 2,350 [G/light year]s away and 20 light years in diameter. It is bright enough to be seen with the [G/naked eye] on a dark night. Through a small telescope, individual [G/star]s within the cluster can be seen. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 80 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] can be found by drawing a straight line between the bright stars [W/Sirius] and [W/Procyon], with M50 lying about half way between. This cluster is about 2,900 [G/light year]s away and 9 light years in diameter. There are almost 200 stars in this cluster, although a small telescope will be able to [G/resolve] less than half that number. M50 is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 30 [G/star]s. This large galactic [G/cluster] contains about 50 [G/star]s but may be difficult to distinguish from the surrounding background stars. This unusual galactic [G/cluster] appears to surround the [G/star] Tau Canis Majoris ([S/173446]). This cluster is 4,600 [G/light year]s away and 8 light years in diameter. At first glance, it may appear as a faint cloud surrounding the brighter star. Let your eye adapt to the view and you will be able to [G/resolve] individual stars from within the cluster. Larger telescopes are able to see more individual stars. Eskimo Nebula: The distance to this [G/planetary nebula] is difficult to determine, with estimates ranging from 1,360 to 3,600 [G/light year]s. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy star-like object. [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs reveal a bright central region with darker markings which, to some, resembles a face. Surrounding the central region is a halo of material which looks a bit like the fuzzy hood of a parka, hence the name Eskimo Nebula. This large, bright galactic [G/cluster] may be too big to fit within the [G/field of view] of your telescope. M47 is approximately 1,540 [G/light year]s away, although other estimates place the cluster at a much greater distance. The stars within this group are widely scattered, so it is best to use a low-power, wide angle eyepiece when viewing M47 through a telescope. Larger telescopes can [G/resolve] more stars within the cluster. This spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 8 million [G/light year]s distant and 37,000 light years in diameter. [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs reveal clusters of stars within the compact spiral arms. Through a small telescope, use [G/averted vision] to detect a faint oval-shaped cloud. The larger the telescope, the brighter the image and the more details you can [G/resolve] within the galaxy. This rather strange globular [G/cluster] is one of the most distant clusters in our sky. Most globular clusters are found within a halo surrounding our galaxy, a halo that extends approximately 65,000 [G/light year]s from the galactic center. This cluster, however, lies at a distance of 182,000 light years, in a region otherwise devoid of clusters. In some ways it seems that it is trying to escape from the [G/Milky Way]. Through a telescope, this cluster can be seen as an extremely faint, round, fuzzy patch of light. This faint, compact galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 80 [G/star]s. This [G/planetary nebula] is best seen through large telescopes (8-inches (203mm) or larger). NGC 2438 appears to belong to the galactic [G/cluster] [M/M46], but astronomers have determined that it is moving away from us at a much faster rate than the cluster. It is also believed that the planetary nebula is closer to us than M46. Current estimates indicate its distance to be 3,300 light years with an approximate diameter of 1 light year. This planetary nebula appears embedded within the galactic cluster. Through a large telescope, look for a star surrounded by a hazy glow near the cluster's perimeter. Estimates as to the distance to this galactic [G/cluster] range from 3,200 to 5,400 [G/light year]s. At 5,400 light years, the diameter of the cluster would be about 30 light years. [G/Star]s within this cluster form a circular pattern in the sky. Observers with larger telescopes may be able to [G/resolve] a tiny [G/planetary nebula], [N/NGC 2438], lying just inside the cluster, near its border. This cluster is best seen with low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This compact galactic [G/cluster] has a distinct wedge-shape appearance. It lies at a distance of 3,400 [G/light year]s and is 18 light years in diameter. M93 is best seen through low-power eyepieces. Although not as bright as [M/M46], which is also in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Puppis], this galactic [G/cluster] contains many more stars. These stars are evenly distributed throughout the group, making for a very rich starfield. This galactic [G/cluster] is 1,200 [G/light year]s away and 20 light years in diameter. It is bright enough to be seen with the [G/naked eye]. Through a small telescope, you should be able to pick out a bright red giant [G/star] near the center of the cluster. The star will not be brilliant red, but your eye should notice a hint of reddish color. This cluster is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 75 [G/star]s and appears rather irregular in shape. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 60 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] is 1,700 [G/light year]s away and 20 light years in diameter. The 80 or so stars within this cluster appear in a slightly triangular shape. M48 is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. Praesepe: The Praesepe [G/cluster] is one of the largest and brightest open clusters that can be seen from Earth. [G/Star]s within this cluster are grouped together in twos and threes. This cluster, which is also known as the Beehive, lies at a distance of 525 [G/light year]s and is 13 light years in diameter. It is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 10 bright [G/star]s scattered over a large area of space. This cluster is best observed using a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. This galactic [G/cluster] is over 2,500 [G/light year]s away from us and 12 light years in diameter. The [G/star]s in this cluster are more compact than its neighbor, the [F/Praesepe] cluster. It is believed to be one of the oldest galactic clusters in our sky. This extremely small, extremely faint spiral [G/galaxy] is difficult to detect with a small telescope. Even with larger telescopes, a dark observing night and the use of [G/averted vision] are a must to detect this galaxy. This extremely rich globular [G/cluster] has a tightly packed central region. This [G/planetary nebula] is extremely small and faint. Through a small telescope, look for a slightly fuzzy, star-like object. This spiral [G/galaxy] has several dark lanes cutting through its spiral arms. These dark lanes give the galaxy an extremely mottled appearance. Through a small telescope, look for a small, mottled, oval shaped cloud. This spiral [G/galaxy] is one of the brightest in a group of galaxies located in [Y/Ursa Major]. It is 7 million [G/light year]s away and approximately 36,000 light years in diameter. The orientation of this galaxy in the sky allows us to see almost all of its spiral arms and large central bulge. Long exposure photographs show incredible detail within this distant galaxy. Through a small telescope, however, expect to see an oval-shaped hazy cloud. Lying close to M81 is [M/M82], another galaxy. This unusual [G/galaxy] appears as a pale narrow streak in the sky. Once thought to be an edge-on spiral galaxy, long exposure photographs of M82 show no indication of spiral structure. It is a strong radio source and there is evidence within its central region of a massive explosion that took place over 1.5 million years ago. This galaxy is 16,000 [G/light year]s away, over twice as far as [M/M81], its companion in the sky. Though a low-power, wide angle eyepiece it may be possible to see both M81 and M82 in the same [G/field of view]. Spindle Galaxy: This extremely flattened, elliptical [G/galaxy] is approximately 27 million [G/light year]s away, and 30,000 light year in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a tiny, elongated patch of light. It is thought that a [G/black hole], whose mass equals 2 million stars like our Sun, lies at the center of this galaxy. This [G/planetary nebula] is approximately 2,500 [G/light year]s away and 0.5 light years in diameter. This cloud contains one of the brightest central stars of any planetary nebula, making it somewhat easy to detect. In a small telescope, look for a fuzzy, star-like object. This [G/planetary nebula] appears as a star-like object through a small telescope. PG1011-040: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. The [G/star]s within this globular [G/cluster] are not as compact as they are within most other globular clusters. Through a small telescope, look for a large, fuzzy patch. Ghost of Jupiter: This [G/planetary nebula] is somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000 [G/light year]s distant. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy star-like object. Larger telescopes can begin to make out its spherical nature. This loosely-grouped galactic [G/cluster] is 750 [G/light year]s away and surrounds the [G/star] Theta Carinae ([S/251083]). The cluster is bright enough to be seen with the [G/naked eye] on a dark night. Through a telescope, it is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. Eta Carinae Nebula: The nature of this extremely unusual [G/nebula] has puzzled astronomers for centuries. In 1843, the [G/star] at the center of the nebula, a star that is 100 times more massive and 4 million times brighter than our [G/Sun], underwent a tremendous explosion which lasted for 20 years. Somehow, the star survived. Since then, it has produced unusual readings and fluctuations which astronomers are still trying to decipher. The star and nebula are 7,500 [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, look for a large, faint, wispy cloud. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 29 million [G/light year]s away. Long exposure astrophotographs of this galaxy show a faint ring surrounding a rectangular streak (the barred central region of the galaxy). It is extremely faint and difficult to see with a small telescope. This galaxy is best observed on extremely dark nights. Use a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible and [G/averted vision] when looking through the telescope. With a larger telescope (8-inches (203mm) or larger) this galaxy appears as a faint round cloud. The barred structure is only visible on long exposure photographs or [G/CCD] images. Another galaxy, [M/M96], lies nearby. Larger and slightly brighter than its nearby neighbor [M/M95], this spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 29 million [G/light year]s away. It has a large oval-shaped [G/nucleus] and tightly-wound spiral arms. While brighter than M95, it is still extremely faint and difficult to see through a small telescope. Observe this galaxy on a dark night using low-power eyepieces and [G/averted vision]. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is approximately 32 million light years away. It is believed to have a giant black hole at its core. The mass of this giant [G/black hole] is equal to 100 million stars like our Sun. This elliptical [G/galaxy] was not an original entry in [G/Messier]'s catalog, but was added to the list in 1947. It is about 32 million [G/light year]s away and is extremely small and faint in the sky. As a result, is difficult to see in a small telescope. Look for a faint, fuzzy star-like object. Larger telescopes can begin to make out a slight irregularity to its round shape. A giant [G/black hole], with a mass equal to 50 million solar masses, is believed to lie at the center of this galaxy. This galactic [G/cluster] is one of the best open clusters in the sky. It is roughly 1,300 [G/light year]s away and 25 light years in diameter. The [G/star]s within this cluster are scattered loosely over a large area of the sky. As a result, it appears elongated in shape and is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 25 million [G/light year]s away. It was not an original entry in [G/Messier]'s catalog, but was added to the list in 1960. It is extremely faint in our skies and is therefore difficult to see with a small telescope. Observe M108 on a dark night, using a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible. Use [G/averted vision] to detect a narrow streak of light. Larger telescopes can detect irregular mottling within the cloudy patch. Owl Nebula: The distance to this [G/planetary nebula] has proven rather difficult to pinpoint. Estimates range from 1,600 to 10,000 [G/light year]s. A standard value of 3,000 light years has been used often, giving the nebula a diameter of approximately 3 light years. At [G/magnitude] 12, this planetary nebula is so faint, it is almost impossible to observe through a small telescope. A 4-inch (102mm) telescope can begin to make out a faint, tiny, round patch of light. The larger the telescope, the brighter the image. M65 is one of a pair of bright spiral [G/galaxy]s that lie relatively close together in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Leo]. In fact, M65 and its companion, [M/M66] can be seen in the same [G/field of view] of a small telescope using a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. Even though they look close together, the two galaxies are separated by more than 180,000 [G/light year]s. M65 is 29 million light years away and has a diameter of 60,000 light years. Through a telescope, it appears as a faint elongated patch of light. This extremely small, extremely faint spiral [G/galaxy] is difficult to detect with a small telescope. Even with larger telescopes, a dark observing night and the use of [G/averted vision] are a must to detect this galaxy. M66 is one of a pair of spiral [G/galaxy]s that lie relatively close together in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Leo]. This galaxy is brighter and more compact than its companion, [M/M65]. M66 is 29 million [G/light year]s away, with a diameter of 50,000 light years. Through a small telescope, the galaxy appears as a faint elongated patch of light. Through larger telescopes, details within its broad spiral arms become visible. M66, along with its companion, M65, can be seen in the same [G/field of view] of a small telescope using a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. This galactic [G/cluster] is a loose grouping of approximately 60 [G/star]s. This diffuse [G/nebula] surrounds the star Gamma Centauri, [S/223603], forming a faint, wispy cloud around the bright star. The star lies at a distance of 160 [G/light year]s and is 275 times more [G/luminous] than our [G/Sun]. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] was not listed in [G/Messier]'s original catalog, but was added in 1960. It is extremely small and faint in our skies and therefore difficult to see with a small telescope. Observe this galaxy on a dark night, using a low-power eyepiece to achieve the brightest image possible. Use [G/averted vision] to detect a faint, small, oval-shaped patch of light. Ring-Tail Galaxy: This entry represents one of two antennae in an unusual galactic system. [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs reveal two lobes of material, each a possible galactic [G/nucleus]. Sweeping off each lobe is a long filament of material. This system is 90 million [G/light year]s away and 100,000 light years across. It is extremely faint and will be difficult to detect in a small telescope. This entry represents the second of the two antennae in an unusual galactic system. [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs reveal two lobes of material, each a possible galactic [G/nucleus]. Sweeping off each lobe is a long filament of material. This system is 90 million [G/light year]s away and 100,000 light years across. It is extremely faint and will be difficult to detect in a small telescope. This spiral [G/galaxy] is positioned nearly edge-on in the sky and estimates give its distance as 35 million [G/light year]s. Through a small telescope, it is extremely difficult to see. Observe this galaxy on a dark night and use low-power eyepieces and [G/averted vision] to see a faint, narrow streak. Larger telescopes can detect mottling within the streak (the spiral arms) and possible brightening towards the center (the galaxy's [G/nucleus]). This spiral [G/galaxy] is positioned almost edge-on in relationship to Earth. As a result, it appears as a highly elongated oval patch in the sky. It is extremely faint and may be difficult to see through a small telescope. Utilizing [G/averted vision] is a must to detect this galaxy. PG1216+069: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. This extremely narrow, edge-on [G/galaxy] can be seen as a faint streak through a small telescope. This spiral [G/galaxy] is 45 to 50 million [G/light year]s away, although it is moving farther away from us all the time at the tremendous rate of 1,490 miles (2,400km) per second. Long exposure astrophotographs of this galaxy show two distinct spiral arms with smaller tendrils spraying off one side of the round [G/nucleus]. Through a small telescope, however, this galaxy is extremely faint and difficult to see. Observe on a dark night using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. Through larger telescopes, look for an oval patch of light that brightens towards the center. This spiral [G/galaxy] was not an original entry in [G/Messier]'s catalog, but was added to his list in 1947. It is 25 million [G/light year]s away and appears to be receding at a rate of approximately 300 miles per second. Long exposure photographs and [G/CCD] images of this galaxy show a rather elongated [G/nucleus] and faint spiral arms. Through a small telescope, observe M106 on a dark night using a low-power eyepiece to achieve the brightest image possible. Use [G/averted vision] to detect a faint, cigar-shaped streak of light. The nucleus appears brighter towards the middle of the cigar shape. It is believed that a [G/black hole], whose mass is equal to 40 million stars like our Sun, lies at the center of this galaxy. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is 90 million [G/light year]s away. It is believed to have a enormous [G/black hole] at its core, a black hole whose mass is equal to 400 million stars like our Sun. This spiral [G/galaxy] is just one of over 3,000 distant galaxies in the [G/Virgo Cluster] and is believed to be 65-70 million [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, detecting this faint galaxy is a challenge. Use a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision] to make out a small faint patch of light. Through a larger telescope, 8-inches (203mm) or larger, this galaxy appears as a faint, round cloud with a slight brightening towards its center. Long exposure astrophotographs are needed to see any details within its spiral arms. In 1660, a German astronomer identified a [G/nebula] at this location. Later, Charles [G/Messier] found no evidence of a nebula, yet he included the entry in his catalog anyway. A faint double star system, with its two stars fairly close together, may have been mistaken for the mysterious missing nebula. This [G/galaxy] is the largest spiral-type galaxy in the [G/Virgo Cluster]. Although the largest in this region, it appears small and extremely faint through a small telescope. Observe this galaxy on extremely dark nights using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. Larger telescopes show more details within the slightly oval-shaped patch of light, including a brighter central region. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is one of 3,000 galaxies within the [G/Virgo Cluster], which lies at a distance of 50-70 million [G/light year]s. A giant [G/black hole], with a mass equal to 300 million stars like our Sun, is believed to lie at the center of this galaxy. This galaxy lies fairly close to another elliptical galaxy, [M/M86]. Both are faint, and difficult to see through a small telescope. It is best to view this object on extremely dark nights, using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is one of 3,000 galaxies within the [G/Virgo Cluster], which lies at a distance of 65-70 million [G/light year]s. It is best to view this galaxy on extremely dark nights, using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. The stars in this [G/cluster] are rather loosely spaced, which is a little unusual for a globular cluster. It is the fainter of two nice clusters in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Musca]. This elliptical [G/galaxy] lies fairly close to another elliptical galaxy, [M/M84]. Unlike its nearby companion, and several other galaxies in this region of space, M86 is not an actual member of the [G/Virgo Cluster] of galaxies. At a distance of 20 million [G/light year]s, it is much closer than the large group. This galaxy is extremely faint and is best seen through large telescopes, using low-power eyepieces and [G/averted vision]. This irregular [G/galaxy] is an extremely faint, rectangular patch that is difficult to see even under the best observing conditions. 3C273: This Quasar is billions of light years away. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is 70 million [G/light year]s away and about 50,000 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, M49 resembles a globular [G/cluster], with a round, hazy appearance. Because of its enormous distance, it is not possible to resolve stars within this galaxy, even with larger telescopes. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is one of the largest in the [G/Virgo Cluster] of galaxies. The total mass of this system is calculated to be an incredible 790 billion times the mass of our [G/Sun]. At its core, there is an incredibly massive [G/black hole], equal to 3 billion stars like our Sun. Long exposure astrophotographs show this galaxy is surrounded by an unusually large number of globular [G/cluster]s, almost 1,000. For comparison, just over 100 globulars are known to surround our [G/Milky Way]. Even though this galaxy is so large, it appears small and faint in our skies. After all, it is over 50 million [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, it is best to observe on an extremely dark night. Use a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible, and use [G/averted vision]. Larger telescopes reveal a round, hazy patch of light. This spiral [G/galaxy] is found within the [G/Virgo Cluster] of galaxies. Long exposure astrophotgraphs reveal this galaxy to be a tiny version of the [G/Andromeda Galaxy]. Through a small telescope, it is extremely faint and difficult to see, and best observed on extremely dark nights. Observe with a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible and use [G/averted vision]. Larger telescopes reveal an elongated, hazy patch of light. M91 is considered [G/Messier]'s mystery object. In 1781, he recorded an object resembling a "nebula without stars" at this location. Since then, no one has been able to locate anything resembling Messier's description at these coordinates. Astronomers debate whether Messier recorded a comet that has long since moved along, or if he inaccurately recorded the coordinates of a nearby faint galaxy. Either way, there isn't much to look at here! This elliptical [G/galaxy] is one of over 3,000 galaxies within the [G/Virgo Cluster]. Through a small telescope, it is extremely faint and difficult to see. Through a large telescope, 4-inch (102mm) or larger, this galaxy appears as a small, slightly oval-shaped patch of light. The larger the telescope, the brighter the image. This faint spiral [G/galaxy] is a challenge for a small telescope, requiring extremely dark nights and the use of [G/averted vision] to begin to detect a small, fuzzy, oval-shaped patch. The larger the telescope, the brighter the image and the easier it will be to observe. This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 20 million [G/light year]s away and 90,000 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a long narrow streak that brightens towards the center. This spiral [G/galaxy] is one of over 3,000 galaxies found in the [G/Virgo Cluster]. It is over 65 million [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, it is extremely faint and difficult to see. This galaxy is best observed on a dark night, using a low-power eyepiece for the brightest image possible. Also, use [G/averted vision]. Through a larger telescope, look for an oval-shaped hazy patch with a slight brightening towards the [G/galactic center]. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] belongs to a vast group of galaxies called the [G/Virgo Cluster]. Galaxies within this super cluster are believed to be 65-70 million [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, detecting this faint galaxy is a challenge. Use a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision] to make out a small faint patch of light. Through large telescopes, 8-inches (203mm) or larger, look for a small, faint, oval-shaped patch which is the galaxy's central region. Its spiral arms form a much fainter, mottled cloud around the central oval. This globular [G/cluster] is 46,000 [G/light year]s away and 100 light years in diameter. Look for a faint, round hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes are needed to [G/resolve] individual stars within the cluster. M68 is best seen using medium power eyepieces. Sombrero Galaxy: This spiral [G/galaxy] is situated in our skies so we see it almost exactly edge-on. It is about 30 million [G/light year]s away and 82,000 light years across. This galaxy gets its name from a dark lane that runs across the enormous center of the galaxy, appearing to cut the galaxy in two, and causing the top portion to look something like a sombrero. An extremely large [G/black hole] is located at the center of this galaxy, a black hole whose mass is equal to 1 billion stars like our Sun. At least a 6-inch (150mm) telescope is required to [G/resolve] this dark lane. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, elongated patch of light with a brighter central region. This elliptical [G/galaxy] belongs to the [G/Virgo Cluster]. Through a small telescope, detecting this faint galaxy is a challenge. Use a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision] to make out a small, faint patch of light. Through a large telescope, 8-inches (203mm) or larger, look for an extremely faint oval cloud, with a slight brightening towards the center. This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] is faint and difficult to see. When observing, look for a long, faint, narrow streak. Large telescopes may begin to [G/resolve] mottling within the galaxy which represents dust in the spiral arms. This galactic [G/cluster] is a fairly compact grouping of approximately 20 [G/star]s. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is just one of over 3,000 distant galaxies in the [G/Virgo Cluster] and is believed to be 65-70 million [G/light year]s away. It is one of the largest elliptical galaxies known, second only to [M/M49] in size and mass. Through a small telescope, look for a hazy oval patch of light, resembling a fuzzy star. The image through a larger telescope is brighter, but at its vast distance, it is not possible to [G/resolve] any individual [G/star]s. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is extremely small and faint, making it difficult to detect with a small telescope. Even with larger telescopes, a dark observing night and the use of [G/averted vision] are a must to detect this galaxy. This spiral [G/galaxy] is 20 million [G/light year]s away and about 33,000 light years in diameter. Because the spiral arms of this galaxy are wound very tightly around its large central core, it is difficult to see any spiral structure through a small telescope. Instead, look for a small, round hazy patch. Coal Sack: From as far back as the 1500's, people have noted this dark, starless patch of sky known as the Coal Sack. The Coal Sack is a dark [G/nebula], an extremely large cloud of gas and dust that does not contain any stars. If it did contain stars, or if there were stars close to it, those stars would illuminate the cloud, thus making it visible. Instead, we see nothing. This dark nebula lies 550 [G/light year]s away and is about 65 light years in diameter. Look for the Coal Sack just to the east of [W/Acrux]. Jewel Box: This magnificent galactic [G/cluster] surrounds the tenth brightest [G/star] in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Crux]. The cluster is 7,700 [G/light year]s away. There is a central knot of stars within the cluster that is about 25 light years in diameter. Stars on the outer fringes make the entire cluster about 50 light years in diameter. The [G/luminosity] of the brightest star in the cluster is 80,000 times that of our [G/Sun]. That star, along with two other bright stars in the cluster form a triangle. The Jewel Box is best seen with low-power, wide field eyepieces. Black Eye Nebula: A dark spiral arm cuts a swath through a portion of the bright central region of this galaxy, earning it the nickname "Black Eye". This galaxy is approximately 12 million [G/light year]s away. At least a 4-inch (102mm) telescope is required to detect the "Black Eye" appearance. Using a medium-power eyepiece can aid in bringing out the contrast between the dark spiral arm and the bright central region. This globular [G/cluster] is one of two nice clusters in [Y/Musca]. It is brighter and more compact than its neighbor, [C/C108], although, through a small telescope it will appear rather faint. Look for an increase of brightness towards the center of the cluster. This elliptical [G/galaxy] is the brightest galaxy within the Coma Cluster, a group containing over 1,000 galaxies. The Coma Cluster is approximately 400 million [G/light year]s away and members stretch across 20 million light years of space. This edge-on spiral [G/galaxy] appears as a faint, narrow streak when observing on a dark night and using a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision]. Some mottling within the narrow cloud may be detected with larger telescopes. This spiral [G/galaxy] has tightly bound spiral arms and a compact [G/nucleus]. It appears as an extremely small, faint, oval-shaped patch of light only under the best observing conditions. This globular [G/cluster] is 65,000 [G/light year]s away and over 100 light years in diameter. The total [G/luminosity] of M53 is 200,000 times that of our [G/Sun]. Through a small telescope, this cluster is easily seen as a faint, round patch of light. Larger telescopes are able to resolve individual stars around the edge of the cluster. Sunflower Galaxy: This spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 35 million [G/light year]s away and 90,000 light years in diameter. Its central oval-shaped region is brighter on one side than the other, giving it a rather unusual, lopsided appearance. Through a small telescope, use a low-power eyepiece and [G/averted vision] to detect a small faint patch of light. 4-inch (102mm) or larger telescopes are needed to begin to detect the faint nebulosity of the spiral arms. Centaurus A: This peculiar [G/galaxy] is approximately 15 million [G/light year]s away and 100,000 light years in diameter. Through large telescopes, this galaxy appears as a glowing sphere with a thick, dark band dividing it into two sections. Its strange appearance has puzzled astronomers for many years. This galaxy is also an unusually strong source for natural radio emissions. Astronomers believe that this galaxy is undergoing a series of extremely powerful explosions within its core, although the reason for these explosions is not completely understood. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, hazy patch with a slight darkening through its center. Centaurus A is best seen using medium-power eyepieces. Omega Centauri: This globular [G/cluster] is 17,000 [G/light year]s away and 150 light years in diameter. The cluster can be seen as a hazy, faint [G/star] with the [G/naked eye]. Through a small telescope, look for a round hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes are able to resolve individual stars within the cluster. The stars in this cluster are extremely close together, with an average distance between stars of only 0.1 light years. For comparison, the distance between the [G/Sun] and its closest neighbor, Alpha Centauri ([S/252838]) is 4.2 light years. Whirlpool Galaxy: This spiral [G/galaxy] is 35 million [G/light year]s away and over 100,000 light years in diameter. A giant [G/black hole], with a mass equal to one million stars like our Sun, is believed to lie at the center of this galaxy. Through a small telescope, look for a dim, hazy patch of light with a brighter central region. Because of the galaxy's face-on orientation in the sky, its spiral or pinwheel shape is clearly visible in photographs and larger telescopes. The giant galaxy has a small companion nearby, which can also be seen through larger telescopes. This spiral [G/galaxy] is 10 million [G/light year]s away and about 30,000 light years in diameter. While this is the 25th brightest galaxy in the sky, it is extremely faint in small telescopes. Larger telescopes are required to show the slight brightening at the central core. This spiral [G/galaxy] appears as a faint, tiny, hazy oval through a small telescope when observing under dark skies and using [G/averted vision]. [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs reveal this galaxy's beautiful spiral structure. This globular [G/cluster] is 35,000 [G/light year]s away and over 220 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, round hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes are able to resolve [G/star]s around the edge of the cluster. M3 is best seen through medium or high power eyepieces. This globular [G/cluster] appears as a tiny, fuzzy, round patch through a small telescope. Larger telescopes can begin to [G/resolve] stars around the cluster's border. An observing error in the 1700's listed [M/M101] as M102. As a result, M102 is simply a duplicate of M101. This spiral [G/galaxy] is 15 million [G/light year]s away and 90,000 light years in diameter. Long exposure photographs taken through large telescopes reveal a galaxy with a bright, tiny [G/nucleus] and an impressive array of spiral arms. Within its spiral arms are distinct clumps of stars. Unfortunately, this incredible detail can only be detected on sensitive photographic film and CCD cameras. Through a small telescope, the human eye can only detect a very small, faint patch of light under the best observing conditions. PG1435-067: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 100,000 [G/light year]s away. Measurements of this cluster show it to be moving almost 170 miles (273 km) per second away from our galaxy, fast enough to escape the gravitational tug of our [G/Milky Way] and become an intergalactic traveler. However, you won't be able to see any movement when looking through a telescope. Instead, look for a fuzzy, stationary, "star-like" object. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 80 [G/star]s which form a nice compact group. Observe this cluster with a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. The [G/star]s in this globular [G/cluster] are more loosely packed than stars in most other globular clusters. This globular [G/cluster] is about 30,000 [G/light year]s away and 100 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, round hazy patch. With a 4-inch (100mm) or larger telescope, it is possible to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around the edge of the cluster. This globular [G/cluster] contains 50,000 to 100,000 [G/star]s. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 30 stars that are brighter than [G/magnitude] 7. It is located just north of the northernmost star in the triangle of [Y/Triangulum Australe]. This small, compact globular [G/cluster] is 3,600 [G/light year]s away and about 50 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, it appears as a round, hazy patch of light that is slightly brighter towards the center. Larger telescopes are able to [G/resolve] stars on the fringes of the cluster. M80 is best seen using medium- to high-power. This rich galactic [G/cluster] contains over 100 [G/star]s. This globular [G/cluster] is located just to the west of the bright [G/star], [W/Antares] and is an easy target for a small telescope. Even though estimates of its distance range from 6,200 to 10,000 [G/light year]s, it is possible to [G/resolve] stars around the edges of this cluster with only a 4-inch (100mm) telescope and a high-power eyepiece. M4 is best seen using medium- to high-power eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] is 1,600 [G/light year]s away. It contains approximately 100 [G/star]s and is best viewed through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. The [G/star]s within this globular [G/cluster] are rather loosely packed. However, its faintness makes it difficult to [G/resolve] into individual stars, even with larger telescopes. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, fuzzy, "star-like" object. This globular [G/cluster] is 10,000 [G/light year]s away and 50 light years in diameter. Its huge sphere of 50,000 to 100,000 stars was not an original entry in [G/Messier]'s catalog, but was added to his list in 1947. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy, "star-like" object. Larger telescopes can begin to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around the edge of the cluster. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 30 [G/star]s which may be difficult to distinguish from the background stars of the [G/Milky Way]. M13 is the closest and brightest of two globular clusters in [Y/Hercules]. This [G/cluster] is 22,000 [G/light year]s away and 160 light years in diameter. The [G/star]s within its huge sphere are not as compact as they are in the neighboring cluster, [M/M92]. Through a small telescope, look for a round, hazy patch of light. Stars within the cluster may be [G/resolve]d using medium or high power eyepieces. To some observers, M13 looks like a pile of sugar crystals spilled on a black table. Larger telescopes are able to resolve more stars within the cluster. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 20,000 [G/light year]s away and lies about 2,000 light years from [M/M10], a nearby cluster. The [G/star]s within M12 are loosely-grouped together, allowing a larger telescope (at least 6-inches or 152mm in diameter) to resolve stars within the cluster. Smaller telescopes can see a faint, irregular glow. This galactic [G/cluster] is 5,700 [G/light year]s away and only 8 light years in diameter. It is a small, intense cluster, with several bright [G/star]s gathered into a tight group. To some, this cluster looks like a compact version of the [F/Pleiades]. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 20,000 [G/light year]s away and lies about 2,000 light years from its neighboring cluster, [M/M12], although the two clusters appear fairly close together in our skies. M10 is perhaps the most distinct of all the globular clusters in [Y/Ophiuchus]. It is compact, containing between 50 and 100 thousand [G/star]s, and appears as a round, hazy patch through a small telescope. Larger telescopes (at least 6-inches or 152mm in diameter) are needed to [G/resolve] stars within the cluster. M62 lies on the border of [Y/Ophiuchus] and [Y/Scorpius]. The distance of this [G/cluster] is about 26,000 [G/light year]s, although there is some uncertainty in this measurement. This cluster appears irregular in shape, unlike the traditional spherical shape of most globular clusters. The stars within the cluster are packed tightly together. Through a small telescope, M62 appears as a faint, hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes (at least 6-inches or 152mm in diameter) are needed to [G/resolve] any stars around the edge of the cluster. This globular [G/cluster] is believed to be imbedded in the central bulge of our [G/Milky Way] galaxy. There are large amounts of dust in this region of space which block some of the light from the cluster. Since astronomers aren't sure how much light is being blocked, it is difficult to determine the cluster's absolute brightness, an important factor used when determining distances of celestial objects. As a result, the distance of M19 is uncertain. Values range from 20,000 to 30,000 [G/light year]s. This globular cluster has an unusual oval shape, a hint of which can be [G/resolve]d through a small telescope. Individual [G/star]s within the cluster can be resolved with larger telescopes. Bug Nebula: This [G/nebula] has an unusual, elongated shape, making its classification somewhat difficult. Some refer to it as a diffuse nebula, most refer to it as a [G/planetary nebula]. Observing this nebula through a small telescope requires an extremely dark night, a low-power eyepiece (for the brightest image possible) and the use of [G/averted vision]. M92 is one of two beautiful globular clusters in [Y/Hercules]. This [G/cluster] is fainter and more compact than its counterpart, [M/M13]. M92 is 37,000 [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, look for a round, hazy patch of light. Stars around the edge of the cluster may be [G/resolve]d using a medium power eyepiece. Larger telescopes are able to resolve more stars within the cluster. This globular [G/cluster] was discovered by Charles [G/Messier] in 1764. It is 26,000 [G/light year]s away and 60 light years in diameter. It is very compact and appears as a tiny, round, hazy glow in the sky through a small telescope. Large telescopes (at least 6-inches or 152mm in diameter) are needed to [G/resolve] [G/star]s around the edge of the cluster. This loosely-packed globular [G/cluster] is rather faint in our skies. Through a small telescope, look for an extremely faint, fuzzy object. A neighboring globular cluster, [C/C86], provides a much brighter target. This globular [G/cluster] was discovered by Charles [G/Messier] in 1764, the same year he discovered several other globular clusters in [Y/Ophiuchus]. The [G/star]s within this cluster are packed tightly together, forming a compact, glowing sphere in the sky. M14 is thought to be 65,000 to 70,000 [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, it appears as a small, round, hazy patch of light. Large telescopes (at least 6-inches or 152mm in diameter) are needed to [G/resolve] any stars around the edge of the cluster. Butterfly Cluster: This galactic [G/cluster] is about 2,000 [G/light year]s away and 20 light years in diameter. To some, the loose scattering of stars within this cluster resemble the shape of a butterfly with its wings spread open in flight. This cluster is best seen using wide angle eyepieces. At a distance of 8,200 [G/light year]s, this is the closest globular [G/cluster] to our [G/galaxy]. The [G/star]s within this cluster are loosely scattered over a diameter of 50 light years, making it one of the easiest globulars to [G/resolve] into individual stars. This beautiful galactic [G/cluster] is 800 [G/light year]s distant. It is very loosely packed and covers almost one degree of the sky. (The full [G/Moon] covers only half a degree.) It contains 80-100 [G/star]s brighter than [G/magnitude] 10, although just a fraction of these stars are visible through a small telescope. The brighter stars that are visible will offer quite a view. M7 is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] is 2,000 [G/light year]s away and 15 light years across. The [G/star]s within this cluster are loosely scattered and it may be difficult to separate the stars of the cluster from the fainter background stars of the [G/Milky Way]. M23 is best seen using a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. Cats Eye Nebula: This [G/planetary nebula] is approximately 3,200 [G/light year]s away and 0.3 light years in diameter. In 1864, it was the first of its kind to be observed using a [G/spectroscope], thus determining that planetary nebulae were gaseous objects instead of closely-packed spheres of [G/star]s. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy, star-like object. Larger telescopes using medium-power can begin to [G/resolve] some nebulosity. Trifid Nebula: This diffuse [G/nebula] is a stellar birthplace. Hot, glowing clouds of hydrogen gas light up this compact nebula. Calculating the distance to the Trifid has been difficult, resulting in values ranging from 2,200-5,200 [G/light year]s. Through a small telescope, the nebula can be seen as a faint elongated patch of light with a slight amount of darkening through the center of its brighter side. Larger telescopes (at least 8-inches or 203mm) can begin to [G/resolve] the dark dust lanes that divide the brighter part of the cloud into different segments. Lagoon Nebula: This diffuse [G/nebula] lies just a little north and west of the "Teapot" in [Y/Sagittarius]. Large clouds of hydrogen gas within the nebula are heated by newly formed [G/star]s. These heated gases emit a visible glow which appears red in long-exposure photographs. When viewing the nebula with a telescope, the eye is not as sensitive as photographic film. As a result, it appears as a pale white, irregular cloud. The galactic [G/cluster], [N/NGC 6530] can be found embedded within the nebula. Also, dark bands of dust can be seen. The Lagoon Nebula is approximately 5,150 [G/light year]s away with a total diameter of roughly 115 light years. Because of its large size, it is best to use a low-power, wide angle eyepiece to view the nebula in its entirety. Higher magnification may be used, allowing for only a small portion of the cloud to be seen at a time, but in greater detail. This galactic [G/cluster] lies close to the [F/Trifid Nebula]. It is 2,200 [G/light year]s away and 17 light years in diameter. This galactic [G/cluster] is embedded within the [F/Lagoon Nebula]. Studies have shown the stars in this cluster to be extremely young. If the stars in this cluster actually formed from the Lagoon Nebula, this cluster would then be approximately 5,150 [G/light year]s away. This globular [G/cluster] is a huge sphere of between 50,000 to 100,000 stars. Through a small telescope, look for a small, round fuzzy patch. Larger telescopes can [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around its border. This [G/Messier] object is unusual in that it is not one specific object. Instead, M24 seems to represents one of the huge clouds of stars near the center of our [G/Milky Way] galaxy. This star cloud, easily visible to the [G/naked eye], contains millions of stars and is best viewed using low-power, wide angle eyepieces or binoculars. Several dark, dust clouds border M24 on one side. Eagle Nebula: This nebula was made famous by photos taken by the [G/Hubble Telescope]. Through the space telescope, a small portion of this nebula was shown in amazing detail, revealing three giant columns surrounded by swirling clouds of gas. This hydrogen gas is heated by young, newly formed [G/star]s buried within the cloud. The hot gases then emit a glow which we can observe. Through a small telescope on Earth, a faint wispy cloud can be seen surrounding a small cluster of stars. The larger the telescope, the more detail can be [G/resolve]d within the nebula. The Eagle Nebula is approximately 8,000 light years away. This galactic [G/cluster] is 4,900 [G/light year]s away. It consists of a few, loosely scattered [G/star]s. The cluster may be difficult to distinguish from the background stars of the [G/Milky Way]. Galactic clusters are best viewed using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. When viewing the cluster, look for a slightly higher concentration of stars amid the fainter background stars. Swan Nebula: This faint diffuse [G/nebula] appears in the shape of a swan floating on a lake. A bright cloud forms the swan's body, then its neck curves up from one side of the body to its small head. There are no bright [G/star]s visible within the cloud, although there are many fainter stars filling the background. It is possible that light from hot, young stars within this nebula is blocked by dense clouds of gas and dust. The Swan Nebula is about 5,700 [G/light year]s away. The brighter cloud that forms the swan's body is about 12 light years across. Through a small telescope, look for a faint slash of light representing the body of the swan. Low-power eyepieces are recommended. Through larger telescopes, it may by possible to use medium power eyepieces. This globular [G/cluster] is more dense and compact than its neighbor [M/M22]. It is also fainter. This cluster is 15,000 [G/light year]s away and about 65 light years in diameter. M28 appears as a round, hazy patch through a small telescope. Larger telescopes are needed to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around the edge of the cluster. This cluster is best seen using medium- to high-power eyepieces. This irregular-shaped galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 30 [G/star]s. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 36,000 [G/light year]s away and 70 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy "star-like" object. This galactic [G/cluster] is about 2,000 [G/light year]s away and 20 light years in diameter. It contains a scattering of just a few bright [G/star]s against a backdrop of the [G/Milky Way]. M25 is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This globular [G/cluster] is 9,600 [G/light year]s away and 50 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, this huge ball of over 100,000 [G/star]s appears as a hazy, slightly elongated, patch of light. Larger telescopes, 4-inches (100mm) and larger, begin to [G/resolve] individual stars around the edge of the cluster. The larger the telescope, the more stars can be resolved. M22 is best seen using medium- to high-power eyepieces. This scattered galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 50 [G/star]s and lies extremely close to the bright star Alpha Scuti [S/142408]. The 80 [G/star]s in this galactic [G/cluster] are very loosely scattered. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 65,000 [G/light year]s away and 80 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy "star-like" object. At least a 10-inch (250mm) telescope is needed to [G/resolve] any [G/star]s within this cluster. This galactic [G/cluster] is 4,900 [G/light year]s away and about 14 light years in diameter. When viewed through a small telescope, it might be difficult to locate the cluster against the backdrop of the [G/Milky Way]. The cluster appears almost round and fairly compact. It is best seen using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. Wild Duck Cluster: One of the richest galactic [G/cluster]s in the sky, the compact group of over 500 [G/star]s is 6,000 [G/light year]s away and 21 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, it might first look like a globular cluster, but with increasing magnification, it is possible to [G/resolve] the cluster into individual stars. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 40 [G/star]s. The 50,000 to 100,000 [G/star]s found within this globular [G/cluster] are rather loosely packed. Look for a tiny, hazy sphere through a small telescope. Ring Nebula: The Ring Nebula is probably the most famous of all the [G/planetary nebulae] in the sky. It is 1,400 light years away and 0.5 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, the nebula appears as a tiny sphere. At least a 6-inch (152mm) telescope is needed to [G/resolve] the ring structure of the nebula. This globular [G/cluster] is 50,000 [G/light year]s away and 70 light years in diameter. It can be found just west of the bottom [G/star] in the handle of the "Teapot" of [Y/Sagittarius]. Through a telescope, this cluster appears as a small, bright round patch of light. Because this cluster is compact, it is difficult to [G/resolve] any stars within it, even around the edges. M54 is best seen using medium- to high-power eyepieces. This peculiar [G/nebula] resembles Hubble's Variable Nebula, [C/C46]. The strange, wispy cloud varies its brightness and appearance and astronomers don't completely understand why. Inside the nebula is a variable star which effects the cloud of gas and dust, but does not completely explain its actions. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 75 [G/star]s. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] is situated face-on relative to our view from the [G/Milky Way]. As a result, [G/CCD] images and long exposure astrophotographs show its spiral arms and bar-shaped [G/nucleus] in all their glory. Through a small telescope, however, look for a small, round, hazy patch that brightens towards the center. It is best to observe this galaxy on a dark night, using [G/averted vision]. This globular [G/cluster] is 20,000 [G/light year]s away. While its core is compact, the [G/star]s from the middle of the cluster out towards its perimeter are rather loosely spaced. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, round hazy patch of light. At least a 6-inch (152mm) telescope is needed to [G/resolve] stars around the edge of the cluster. GRS1915-105: This potential [G/black hole]/star system in Aquila cannot be seen visually, but astronomers detect an extremely strong x-ray source at this location. The x-rays are thought to come from material trapped in the black hole's [G/accretion disk]. Material is sucked off the companion star over the course of half an hour, filling the disk and heating it up. Then, the accretion disk empties itself into the black hole. The x-ray's temperature drops by 15 million degrees and the process begins again. This system is 40,000 light years away. This globular [G/cluster] is 46,000 [G/light year]s away and 60 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, it appears as a faint, round, hazy patch of light. A large telescope is needed to [G/resolve] individual stars around the edge of the cluster. M56 is best seen using medium to high power eyepieces. This globular [G/cluster] is 20,000 [G/light year]s away and 80 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, it appears as a hazy patch of light. Larger telescopes are required to [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around the edges. It is best seen using medium- to high-power eyepieces. Foxhead Cluster: This galactic [G/cluster] contains 150 [G/star]s. This [G/planetary nebula] appears as a faint "star-like" object through a small telescope. Barnard's Galaxy: This irregular [G/galaxy] is 1.7 million [G/light year]s away and approximately 10,000 by 5,000 light years across. This galaxy belongs to our [G/Local Group] of galaxies and is best viewed using low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This irregular-shaped galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 20 [G/star]s. This [G/cluster] of stars was first believed to be an extremely rich galactic cluster, then a loosely packed globular cluster. Today, it is generally considered to be a globular cluster which lies at a distance of 18,000 [G/light year]s. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy "star-like" object. At least a 10-inch (250mm) telescope is needed to [G/resolve] any [G/star]s within this cluster. Cygnus X-1:Cygnus X-1 is the best possible [G/black hole] candidate in the sky. While there is no visible star at this particular point, scientists have detected an extremely strong x-ray source. Also, not far away is a faint "companion" star, which appears to be orbiting the x-ray source at the very fast rate of once every 5.6 days. Scientists believe the x-rays are being emitted from super-heated material caught up in the gravitational pull of a black hole. From the orbital period of the companion star, it has been determined that the black hole is 20 to 35 times the mass of our [G/Sun] and lies at a distance of somewhere between 6,500 and 8,000 [G/light year]s. Dumbbell Nebula: This [G/planetary nebula] is approximately 1,000 [G/light year]s distant and 2 light years across. Through a small telescope, look for a hazy cloud with a slightly rectangular shape. Larger telescopes can begin to [G/resolve] the slight narrowing near the middle of the rectangle, thus giving it an hourglass or dumbbell appearance. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 100,000 [G/light year]s away and 125 light years in diameter. The [G/star]s within this cluster are tightly bound together by gravity to form one of the most compact globulars in the sky. It is also believed to be the most distant. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy "star-like" object. This large, bright galactic [G/cluster] contains about 30 stars. Because it lies along the [G/Milky Way], it may be difficult to distinguish the stars of this cluster from the background stars of our galaxy. Crescent Nebula: This faint diffuse [G/nebula] is a crescent-shaped, wispy cloud which lies against the backdrop of the [G/Milky Way]. A seventh [G/magnitude] [G/star] can be found within this cloud of gas and dust. This galactic [G/cluster] is approximately 7,200 [G/light year]s away and 15 light years in diameter. It is a compact cluster containing few [G/star]s. Because it lies along the [G/Milky Way], the stars in this cluster may be difficult to distinguish from the background stars of our [G/galaxy]. V404 Cygni: This binary system consists of a [G/black hole] and a companion [G/star]. Astronomers detect an extremely strong x-ray source at this location which they believe is coming from an [G/accretion disk] surrounding a black hole. Gravity from the black hole pulls material from the companion star. The pull of gravity is so strong, it heats up the matter to the point where it emits x-rays, just before it is sucked into the black hole. This system is 10,000 light years away in the [G/constellation] of [Y/Cygnus]. The approximately 90 [G/star]s within this galactic [G/cluster] are loosely scattered, not packed tightly together. This globular [G/cluster] is closer, brighter, and larger than its nearby neighbor, [C/C42]. Through a small telescope, look for a fuzzy, "star-like" object. Larger telescopes can [G/resolve] individual [G/star]s around the cluster's border. This tightly bound galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 100 [G/star]s. This spiral [G/galaxy] lies at a distance of 10-20 million [G/light year]s. When observing this galaxy through a small telescope, use a low-powered eyepiece for the brightest image possible. [G/Averted vision] aids in the detection of the tiny, irregular patch of light. Larger telescopes can [G/resolve] a faint mottling within the galaxy. Veil Nebula: This entry represents the western portion of the Veil Nebula, a huge [G/supernova] remnant approximately 1,500 [G/light year]s distant. This faint arc of material appears to be drifting behind the [G/star] 52 Cygni. Look for a faint, narrow arc with a star near its center. The eastern portion of the veil is classified as [C/C33]. Pelican Nebula: This diffuse [G/nebula] is large and very faint. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 60,000 [G/light year]s away. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, fuzzy "star-like" object. At least a 14-inch (355mm) telescope is needed to [G/resolve] any [G/star]s within this cluster. This entry represents the eastern portion of the Veil Nebula, a huge [G/supernova] remnant approximately 1,500 [G/light year]s distant. Low-power, wide angle eyepieces are essential for observing this tiny, faint arc of light. Large telescopes begin to resolve its filament structure, which is best seen on [G/CCD] images or long exposure astrophotographs. N. American Neb.: This diffuse [G/nebula] gets its name from its unusual shape. Through a low-power, wide angle eyepiece this cloud looks like the North American continent. The nebula is approximately 1,600 [G/light year]s distant and 45 light years in diameter. Charles [G/Messier] described this group as "three or four small stars which resemble a nebula at first sight." In actuality, there is no [G/nebula] or [G/cluster] within this region, just a few faint [G/star]s. This diffuse [G/nebula] appears as a faint, irregular patch of light surrounding a seventh [G/magnitude] [G/star]. Use a low-power eyepiece to locate the object, then switch to a medium-power eyepiece for more contrast. The larger the telescope, the brighter the image and the more detail you can [G/resolve] within the cloud. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 185,000 [G/light year]s away and could be considered to lie outside of our galaxy. Through a small telescope, look for a faint, fuzzy, "star-like" object. Saturn Nebula: This [G/planetary nebula] lies 4,000 [G/light year]s away and is 0.5 light years across. Look closely to observe a slight haziness around a star-like object. Through larger telescopes, its oval, Saturn-like appearance may be detected. The Saturn Nebula is best seen with high magnification. PG2112+059: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. This globular [G/cluster] lies just off the nose of the flying horse, near the bright star [W/Enif]. M15 is approximately 39,000 [G/light year]s away and 130 light years in diameter. X-rays have been detected coming from this cluster, which may indicate the presence of one or more [G/black hole]s hidden within its core. Through a small telescope, look for a faint hazy patch. Larger telescopes can [G/resolve] individual stars around the fringes of the cluster. M15 is best seen using medium to high power eyepieces. This galactic [G/cluster] is approximately 800 [G/light year]s away and 7 light years in diameter. The [G/star]s within this cluster are scattered over a large area of sky, thus making it difficult to view the cluster in its entirety through a small telescope. Instead, one sees only a few bright stars at a time. Try observing the cluster with a low-power, wide angle eyepiece. Then, observe the cluster with binoculars. All the stars of the cluster should be visible within the [G/field of view] of the binoculars. This globular [G/cluster] is a tight ball of over 100,000 [G/star]s. M2 is 50,000 [G/light year]s away and 150 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for a "hazy" star-like object. Larger telescopes are able to resolve individual stars around the edge of the cluster. M2 is best seen with medium or high magnification. This globular [G/cluster] is approximately 40,000 [G/light year]s away and 100 light years in diameter. This dense, compact sphere of stars appears as a faint round ball through a small telescope. Even larger telescopes may have difficulty resolving stars around the edge. This cluster is best observed using low to medium-power eyepieces. This diffuse [G/nebula] is a faint, mottled cloud that lies at the east end of a dark dust lane. It may be difficult to distinguish from the background [G/Milky Way]. This galactic [G/cluster] contains approximately 40 [G/star]s. PG2209+184: This [G/quasar] is over 1 billion [G/light year]s away. Because of its tremendous distance, this quasar is only visible through the largest telescopes. This galactic [G/cluster] is a very loose grouping of approximately 40 [G/star]s. Helix Nebula: Roughly 450 [G/light year]s away and 1.75 light years across, the Helix Nebula is the largest and closest [G/planetary nebula] in our skies. Through a small telescope, look for a small, round, hazy patch. The nebula is best seen with low-power, wide angle eyepieces. This spiral [G/galaxy] is approximately 50 million [G/light year]s away and 32,000 light years in diameter. Through a small telescope, look for an elongated, oval-shaped patch of light. A faint diffuse [G/nebula]. This barred spiral [G/galaxy] is extremely faint and difficult to see, even under the best observing conditions. Large telescopes can begin to [G/resolve] the "barred" portion of the galaxy as a narrow streak of light. Bubble Nebula: Sometimes classified as a diffuse [G/nebula], this cloud of hydrogen gas appears as a dim, irregular haze surrounding a faint star. Its bubble appearance can only be seen on [G/CCD] images or long exposure astrophotographs. This galactic [G/cluster] is 3,000 [G/light year]s away and about 12 light years in diameter. [G/Star]s within this cluster are more tightly packed than in most other galactic clusters. It is best seen using medium-power eyepieces. This [G/planetary nebula] is between 2,000 and 5,600 [G/light year]s away. It appears as a faint, fuzzy "star-like" object through a small telescope. At least a 6-inch (152 mm) telescope is needed to detect its "sphere-like" qualities. This galactic [G/cluster] is 6,000 [G/light year]s away and 50 light years in diameter. It consists of a rich scattering of faint [G/star]s. The larger the telescope, the more stars are visible within the cluster. This cluster is best seen through low-power, wide angle eyepieces. MercuryMercury is named after the messenger god in Roman mythology. Like its namesake, Mercury moves extremely fast across the sky. Faster than any other planet, in fact. Mercury is the only [G/planet] in the solar system without an atmosphere to protect its surface. As a result, Mercury gets very hot during the day, 660^F (350^C) and very cold at night, -274^F (-170^C). The only spacecraft to visit the planet ([G/Mariner 10], 1974) took photos showing [G/crater]s covering the entire planet. What you can see: From Earth, Mercury is too small to see any surface features. Safe viewing of the planet is difficult because of its proximity to the Sun. It is only visible within an hour of sunset or sunrise. With larger telescopes, it is possible to see the phases of Mercury. VenusVenus gets its name from the Roman goddess of beauty. Because it is closer to the Sun than Earth, Venus is only visible in the early evening just after sunset, or in the early morning, just before sunrise. As a result, Venus is sometimes known as the Evening Star or Morning Star. It is extremely bright in the sky because Venus is the closest [G/planet] to Earth and it is covered with a thick layer of clouds that reflects the Sun's light like a mirror. These thick clouds hide the surface of Venus from view and trap the Sun's heat, causing the hottest surface temperatures found on any planet, 900^F (480^C). Since 1962, 22 US and USSR robotic missions have flown to Venus. Most recent [G/lander]: [G/Venera 14] (USSR), 1982. Most recent [G/orbiter]: [G/Magellan] (US), 1990. What you can see: The phases of Venus can be seen as it orbits around the Sun. No surface features are visible because of the thick clouds. EarthThe origin of Earth's name is unknown. Our planet is the only planet in the solar system capable of supporting liquid water. In fact, 70% of Earth's surface is covered by water. Earth is one of the most geologically active planets; volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires and severe storms are constantly resurfacing the planet, changing its appearance. Earth is also the only planet in the solar system known to support life. MarsThe planet Mars was named after the god of war in Roman mythology, appropriate because of its reddish, blood-colored appearance in the sky. This small [G/planet], half the size of Earth, has the largest canyon ([G/Mariner Valley]) and largest volcano, ([G/Olympus Mons]) in the solar system. Ancient river beds and flood plains indicate Mars was once warm enough to support liquid water. Today, a combination of frigid temperatures and an extremely thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide make it impossible for liquid water to exist. Since 1964, 14 US and USSR robotic missions have flown to Mars. The most recent [G/lander]: [G/Pathfinder] (US), 1997. The most recent [G/orbiter]: [G/Mars Global Surveyor] (US), 1997. What you can see: Mars appears as a tiny disk with a hint of reddish/orange color. With larger telescopes, polar ice caps and possible dark markings on the martian surface are visible. JupiterJupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, gets its name from the king of the gods in Roman mythology. Over 1100 Earths could fit inside this gas giant planet. Jupiter does not have a solid surface. Instead, it is composed of hydrogen and helium gases. A spacecraft trying to land on Jupiter would pass through thicker and thicker clouds until it is crushed by the increasing [G/jovian] pressure. At its center, there might be an Earth-size solid core. Orbiting Jupiter is the largest [G/moon] in the solar system, [G/Ganymede]. [G/Galileo] discovered Ganymede and three other moons of Jupiter, (Io, Europa, and Callisto) in 1610. These moons were the first objects ever discovered with a telescope. There is one faint ring surrounding the planet which can not be seen from Earth. The ring was discovered by one of five spacecraft that have visited the planet: [G/Pioneer 10], 1973; [G/Pioneer 11], 1974; [G/Voyager 1], 1979; [G/Voyager 2], 1979; [G/Galileo spacecraft], 1995. What you can see: Several dark cloud bands stretching across a pale disk. As many as 4 of Jupiter's 16 moons can be seen, appearing like stars lined up next to the planet. The moons change places around Jupiter from night to night. Through larger telescopes: more details within the cloud bands can be resolved; moon shadows on the disk of the planet are visible. SaturnSaturn gets its name from the king of the mythical Titans. This gas giant planet is the most distant planet that can be seen without a telescope. The most prominent feature of Saturn is its beautiful [G/ring system], the largest in the solar system. The rings stretch across 169,000 miles (273,000 km), yet are only 0.5 miles (0.8 km) thick. [G/Galileo] observed the rings in 1610, but didn't understand what he was seeing. In 1675, G.D. [G/Cassini] discovered a dark gap in the rings. This gap, later named the [G/Cassini Division], is easily seen with 90mm and larger telescopes. Saturn also has more [G/moon]s than any other planet, 18. Several of these moons were discovered by the three visiting spacecraft: [G/Pioneer 11], 1979; [G/Voyager 1], 1980; [G/Voyager 2], 1981. What you can see: A small disk with the white ring system extending from both sides. The moon, [G/Titan], may be visible as a bright starlike object near the planet. The position of Titan changes as it orbits the planet. With larger telescopes: pale cloud bands on the planet can be resolved; ring and moon shadows on the planet, more divisions within the ring system. UranusUranus gets its name from an early mythological god who was a son of Mother Earth. This gas giant planet, discovered by William Herschel in 1781, was the first [G/planet] discovered with a telescope. Uranus is tilted on its side as it orbits the Sun. As a result, its seasons are unusual. For example, during summer at the North Pole, the Sun stays above the horizon for 42 [G/earth years]. At the same time, it is winter at the South Pole, with 42 years of frigid darkness. After 42 years, the seasons are reversed. Uranus has a [G/ring system] composed of several dark, thin rings. These rings are not directly visible from Earth, but were photographed by the [G/Voyager 2] spacecraft as it flew by the planet in 1986. What you can see: Extremely tiny disk with possible bluish/green color. With larger telescopes: a more distinct disk, more color. NeptuneNeptune gets its name from the mythical Roman god of the sea. Astronomers began searching for Neptune to explain irregularities in the orbit of [P/Uranus]. Uranus didn't follow its predicted path across the sky, so astronomers thought the gravity from another planet must be effecting the orbit. Using mathematics, they predicted where that other planet should be. In 1846, on the first night of searching, Neptune was discovered. [G/Voyager 2], flying by the planet in 1989, discovered the strongest winds in the solar system on this blue planet, winds of 1500 miles per hour (2400 km per hour). The [G/ring system] around Neptune is composed of a few dark "[G/clumpy]" rings. [G/Triton], Neptune's largest [G/moon], is the only moon in the solar system that travels in a [G/retrograde] direction around its planet, a direction opposite the way the planet rotates. What you can see - extremely tiny disk, with possible bluish/green color. With larger telescopes: a more distinct disk, more color. PlutoPluto was named after the ruler of the underworld in Roman mythology. Discovered in 1930, Pluto is the smallest planet in the solar system. No spacecraft has explored this distant world, but [G/Hubble telescope] images show a [G/planet] of high contrast, bright areas next to dark areas. It is so cold on Pluto that its atmosphere lies frozen on the ground. Pluto has the most elliptical [G/orbit] of all the planets. For twenty years, from 1979 to 1999, Pluto's odd orbit brings it closer to the Sun than [P/Neptune]. What you can see: Because of Pluto's tiny size and extreme distance, it is extremely difficult to see, even with larger telescopes. It appears as an extremely faint, starlike object. Version 12/9/97, 3:16 PM MoonPlace Holder QuadrantidsunknownLyridsThatcherEta AquaridsHalleyDelta AquaridsunknownPerseidsSwift-TuttleOrionidsHalleyTauridsEnckeLeonidsTempel-TuttleGeminids3200UrsidsTuttle?Ult. Wide Spr. Wide S. Plossl Plossl MA AndromedaAntliaApusAquariusAquilaAraAriesAurigaBootesCaelumCamelopardalisCancerCanes VenaticiCanis MajorCanis MinorCapricornusCarinaCassiopeiaCentaurusCepheusCetusChamaeleonCircinusColumbaComa BerenicesCorona AustralisCorona BorealisCorvusCraterCruxCygnusDelphinusDoradoDracoEquuleusEridanusFornaxGeminiGrusHerculesHorologiumHydraHydrusIndusLacertaLeoLeo MinorLepusLibraLupusLynxLyraMensaMicroscopiumMonocerosMuscaNormaOctansOphiuchusOrionPavoPegasusPerseusPhoenixPictorPiscesPiscus AustrinusPuppisPyxisReticulumSagittaSagittariusScorpiusSculptorScutumSerpensSextansTaurusTelescopiumTriangulumTriangulum AustraleTucanaUrsa MajorUrsa MinorVelaVirgoVolansVulpeculaJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecSee your dealer.Language:Summer SolsticeWinter SolsticeVernal EquinoxAutumnal EquinoxNext Algol Min.Use UP/DOWNTonight's BestUploading...Max_Saros_#_Set AlarmTotal EclipseAnnular EclipsePartial EclipsePenmmbral EclipsLunar EclipseSolar EclipseUmb. Mag:Pen. Mag:Umb. Dur:Pen. Dur:Gamma: Ctr LatCtr LonSun Alt:_Duration:No set todayNo rise todayWidth kmPen. Tot. Par. Ann. Test CompletePress ENTERMODEGOTONSEW1234567890UPDOWN?Bad KeyMotor Unit FaultPress MODE or ?MS_ResetMS_ContrastMS_BacklashPolar AlignAltAz AlignGerman NorthGerman SouthIndex CatalogScope HomeDateTimeAutostar TutorHome PositionGetting StartedAutostar HelpDeep Sky ObjectsIn Select Delete Edit NameAsteroidComet Satellite Epoch YearEpoch DayRA Asc. NodeArg. of PerigeeMean MotionAOS Alt:_AOS Az:__LOS Alt:_LOS Az:__AOS in_Tracking Sat.Paused.ENTER to TrackOnly in Alt AzExt. ObjRight Asc.DeclinationEpoch of El.EccentricitySemi Maj. AxisPerihelion Dist.InclinationLon. Asc. NodeArg. of Per.Mean AnomalyAbsolute Mag.Mag. SlopeWARNINGEnter Rate Adj.Object Position:Stars w/ PlanetsMeteor ShowersPeak onPeak Rate /hrDur. StatisticsBest view withMagnificationField of ViewField_=_Mag._=_K Char. FreeTo Load SoftwareTesting MotorsDownloading Do not turn off.Ctr. POLARISAge: Phase: miRises_Sets_Sun Rises AtSun Sets AtMoon Rises AtMoon Sets AtNext Full MoonNext New MoonNext 1st QuarterNext 3rd QuarterSunMercuryVenusMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePlutoMoonAlt Enc=_Az Enc =_Focus Control:Position: 00ReticleSetIntensityRateDuty CycleLevel:5 Blink:0RA__=_Dec_=_Time_LST__Timer_Alarm Battery Level:Under ContructionPoint Scope NThen press EnterSet Alt. to 0Set Dec to 90Set RA to HomeCalculating...Constellations:Named Object:Galaxy:NEBULA:PLANETARY NEB:CLUSTER:Messier Object:Invalid Number.Caldwell Object:Searching...Enter NGC #:Object Not FoundEnter IC #:Named Star:Multiple Star:Variable Star:Varidx:Nearby Star:Enter SAO #SAO:_NOT FOUND.Glossary:G/GlossaryA]G/Enter Date:Enter Time:Focal Len(mm):Enter Az RatioEnter Alt RatioAltAzScope mountingPolarAdjust MountSmart mount hasbeen enabledbeen disabledErase training?1=Yes, 2=NoErasing...Mount Training:1=On, 2=OffReverse L/RON OFFYESNOReverse UP/DOWNAdj. with arrowsDisplay ContrastParking ScopeScope parkedTurn scope off.Drive setup:Center referenceobject.Press  untilit is centered.Press ~ untilPress  untilPress  untilPress < untilPress > untilPress ^ untilPress v untilSelect Star:TargetRA_=_TargetDec_=_Center StarBelow HorizonPress ENTERCurrent Targets:TerrestrialAstronomicalError: You can'tdelete this site.Delete Site:Enter Lat:Enter Lon:Time Zone:Site Name:Error:Site List FullCountry/StateCities index Stateloc:G/State/ProvinceNearest CityG/Nearest CitiesYour First NameYour Last NameAdr. Line 1Adr. Line 2Your CityYour StatePostal/Zip CodeDate of BirthEnter PIN#Use Pin #?Select PIN#None FoundSelect LandmarkLandmarks FullLandmark NameCenter LandmarkDel. LandmarkH/Right AscensionH/AltitudeH/Local Mean TimeH/AccessoryH/BatteryH/Timer:Timer StatusAlarm TimeAlarm StatusAlign SuccessfulAlignment FailedCheck StarsClosest ObjectETX-60ETX-70ETX-90ETX-125DS-60DS-70DS-80DS-90DS-114DS-127LX90Too near the SunMS_TOURSLargest (mins)Smallest(mins)Brightest (mag)Faintest (mag)Object TypesNextPreviousMin. El.(deg.)Serial OverrunNo Passes soonMoon, NewMoon, Waxing CreMoon, First QuarMoon, Waxing GibMoon, FullMoon, Waning GibMoon, Third QuarMoon, Waning CreMessier Caldwell NGC IC Black HoleDiffuse NebulaDark NebulaAsterismElliptical Gal.Globular ClusterIrregular Gal.Open ClusterPlanetary NebulaQuasarSpiral GalaxyGalaxyUnnamedCoordinates OnlyMagnitude: Size: SAO Class: Multi Sep. Dist:LY=TOO MANY LINKS=Link not found:Under ConstructionMag: Mass:xEarthDiam:Dist:auDay:Dayshrs Orb:yrsGrav:Day Temp:Nite Temp:Moons:Telescope StatusUse ETX AutoStarwith this modelIncompatibleHandboxAt Breakpoint: Stack Reg = In Debugger> ddress reakmask [esettack = atch eprom =- Invalid commandAlt=_Az_=_Not AlignedSlewing...Below HorizonCHECK_MOUNTFlash Memory ErrInitializing....ERROR:File Space Full.Reorganizing...ENTER to Sync.Synchronized.Sync not allowedon this objectNorthSouthEastWestEnter PercentSpeed_=_FastMediumSlowFine/secUnit DoneSending DataProtect Bit SetFail Self TestTest DoneStarfinderAutostar 494CalibrationERROR in RAERROR in DecPress ENTER tostart testTesting MotorsFinding RAFinding DecElements ExpiredTracking...Pass Located...Select ItemObjectSolar SystemMercuryVenusMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePlutoMoonAsteroidsSelectAddDeleteEditCometsSelectAddDeleteEditConstellationDeep SkyNamed ObjectsGalaxiesNebulasPlanetary Neb.Star ClustersQuasarsBlack HolesIC ObjectsNGC ObjectsCaldwell ObjectsMessier ObjectsStarNamedSAO CatalogDoubleVariableNearbyWith PlanetsSatelliteSelectAddDeleteEditLandmarksSelectAddDeleteEditUser ObjectSelectAddDeleteEditIdentifyBrowseStart SearchEdit ParametersEventSunriseSunsetMoonriseMoonsetMoon PhasesNext Full MoonNext New MoonNext 1st Qtr Next 3rd Qtr Meteor ShowersSolar EclipsesLunar EclipsesMin. of AlgolAutumn EquinoxVernal EquinoxWinter SolsticeSummer SolsticeGuided TourGlossaryUtilitiesTimerSetStart/StopAlarmSetOn/OffEyepiece Calc.Field of ViewMagnificationSuggestBrightness Adj.Contrast Adj.Battery AlarmLandmark SurveySleep ScopePark ScopeSetupAlignEasyOne StarTwo StarDateTimeDaylight SavingsTelescopeTelescope ModelFocal LengthAz RatioAlt RatioMountAz PercentAlt PercentTracking RateSiderealLunarCustomReverse L/RReverse UP/DOWNCalibrate MotorTrain DriveAz. TrainAlt. TrainRA TrainDec. TrainTargetsHigh PrecisionSiteSelectAddDeleteEditNameLatitudeLongitudeTime ZoneObstructionsAddDeleteEditOwner Info.NameAddressStreetCityStateZip CodeCountryCloneCatalogsToursSoftwareAllDownloadStatisticsSun WarningGetting StartedDisplay OptionsCord WrapResetAdjust MountWithout using the hand controller, adjust the mount's latitude setting and azimuth settings until the pole star is centered in the eyepiece. Once the pole star is centered, you should lock the mount in place and press ENTER. If you wish to abort polar alignment, press MODE. AlarmThe Alarm function beeps at a selected time, if active. In the Alarm menu, the Set function enters the alarm time. The On/Off function activates the alarm. The Alarm time is seen in the [H/Telescope Status] Display. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the alarm menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the alarm choices. AlignFor the telescope to accurately locate objects in the night sky, it must be aligned. Autostar can align the telescope in one of three ways; Easy, One Star and Two Star. Easy align helps by selecting two alignment stars and explaining each step of the process. One Star and Two Star Align expect the user to pick the alignment stars. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the alignment menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the three alignment choices. Alt RatioAlters the altitude encoder ratio. Do not use this function unless directed to do so by Meade Instructions. Press MODE to leave this message. AltAz AlignPut the telescope in the Alt. Az. home position and pointed North (see the Instruction Manual). The vertical axis home position, for all telescopes, is with the telescope tube level (declination to 0^). The horizontal axis Home position for ETX telescope is found by turning the tube counterclockwise until it stops. Then turn the telescope clockwise until the fork arm is over the Computer Control panel. Without leaving the Home position, move the WHOLE telescope (do not use the handbox) so the tube is pointing north. Press ENTER when done. Altitude AxisThe axis responsible for moving the telescope up or down. Autostar HelpThis description can be discontinued at any time by pressing the MODE key. If the message is moving too fast or slow, press one of the SCROLL keys (triangle keys at the bottom of the keypad). Autostar is a menu oriented system with lists of functions. Functions are activated using the 20 keys of the handbox keypad. Pressing any key firmly and releasing causes a single entry of that key. Holding a key down causes a repeated entry until it is released. The top line of this display shows the currently active function (in this case, Autostar Help). The bottom line shows information or a new menu list. When the bottom line is a list, pressing the SCROLL keys makes items in the list visible (one at a time). To activate a function shown on the bottom line, press the ENTER key. The active function will then be displayed on the top line and new information will appear on the bottom line. The ENTER key is also used to complete data entries. To return to a previous menu, press the MODE key. The MODE key, if held down 2 seconds, will cause the Telescope Status display to appear. The Telescope Status display has information about telescope position, motor speeds, timer, alarm and other telescope status. The GO TO key moves the telescope to objects from the OBJECT menu. The four ARROW keys (near the top of the keypad) move the telescope in four directions at selected speeds. When entering data, the right and left ARROW keys are used to move the cursor to a particular field and up and down ARROW keys scroll through selections, like months in a date. The Numeric keys set telescope motor speeds when not used to enter numeric data. To set a motor speed, press a number key between 1 (slowest) and 9 (fastest). The utility light (on top of the handbox) is used to illuminate objects (like a watch). The "0" key turns the light on or off. The SCROLL keys (at the bottom) move through menus and adjust moving message speeds. The "?" key is used for HELP, and give a brief explanation of the current function. In some messages, there may be bracketed words, called "hypertext". Pressing the ENTER key while a hypertext term is visible, will display information about that term. Pressing the MODE key will return to the original message. The brightness and contrast of this display can be changed using the Brightness or Contrast functions in the Utilities menu. The Autostar system description is now complete and information must be entered to operate the telescope. To make these entries without further explanation, press the MODE key. Remember, the "?" key can be pressed at any time to explain a particular operation. For additional assistance entering the telescope data, press the "?" key now. This message will repeat until the MODE key or the "?" Key is pressed. Autumn EquinoxThe Autumn Equinox gives the local time and date for the beginning of Fall (in the Northern Hemisphere, Spring in the Southern Hemisphere). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the date and time of Fall. AZ RatioAlters the azimuth encoder ratio. Do not use this function unless directed to do so by Meade Instructions. Press MODE to leave this message. Azimuth axisThe axis responsible for moving the telescope side to side. Press MODE to Return. Battery AlarmThe Battery Alarm function beeps when the batteries are low. In the Battery Alarm menu, use the SCROLL keys (followed by ENTER) to disable (or enable) the low battery alarm. The battery level is seen in the [H/Telescope Status] Display. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to start the battery alarm menu. Brightness Adj.Adjusts the brightness of the message display and the keypad. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to adjust the brightness. Calibrate MotorThis function calibrates the telescope motor encoders and saves the values in Autostar memory. During calibration both motors will move briefly. This function was done automatically when power was first applied to Autostar and does not need to be repeated unless the Autostar handbox is moved to a different telescope. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to calibrate the motor encoders. CHECK MOUNTSlewing to this object may cause the telescope to hit the mount. Press the GO TO key to proceed. Press MODE to abort. Pressing any key during slewing will stop the telescope's movement. Press MODE to leave this message. CloneThe Clone function transfers data from one Autostar to another by the serial interface using a special Meade cable. Data can include objects, software or both and is selected in the Clone menu. The unit sending is put in the Clone mode and the unit receiving is placed in the download mode. Once transfer of data has started, do not interrupt the process or Autostar memory will be corrupted. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Clone menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. ConstellationThe Constellation menu lists all 88 Constellations. Use the SCROLL keys to see the entries and press ENTER to select a Constellation. Information about the Constellation can be seen using the SCROLL keys. Pressing the GO TO key causes the telescope to point at the Constellation or list the stars of the constellation. If stars are listed use the SCROLL keys to see the entire list and press GO TO a second time to point at the stars. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Constellation menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. Contrast Adj.Adjusts the contrast of the message display. In cold weather, this is used to make moving messages more readable. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to adjust the contrast. Country/StateFind the nearest Country or State of the current telescope location by pressing the SCROLL keys at the bottom of the keypad. Press ENTER to select a displayed location. Press MODE briefly to abort the selection. Press MODE to leave this message. Ctr.Autostar has selected the brightest alignment star in the sky. Accuracy in performing prior steps determines how close the telescope is pointing at the correct star. Locate the brightest star near the current position of the telescope. Center the star in the telescope viewfinder by pressing the four ARROW keys as needed. Next, center the star in the main eyepiece and press ENTER. If the star selected is behind an obstacle, press a SCROLL key and Autostar will select another star. Press MODE to leave this message. DateAfter reading this instruction, enter today's date using the Numeric keys. When the month is highlighted, press the SCROLL keys to change the month. To change the year, use the ARROW keys at the top of the keypad to select a digit, then press a Numeric key. To make corrections to any entry, use the left or right ARROW keys to move the cursor. When the displayed date is correct, press ENTER. The utility Light on top of the handbox has been turned on to illuminate a watch. Press MODE to leave this message. Daylight SavingsIf Daylight Savings time is in effect (clocks are set ahead 1 hour, Spring to Fall), change the display to read "YES" by using the SCROLL keys. If the current time is Standard Time, change the display to read "NO". When the display is correct, press ENTER. Press the MODE key to leave this message. Deep SkyThe Deep Sky menu lists distant astronomical objects. Use the SCROLL keys to see catalogs, which include; Named Objects, Galaxies, Nebulas, Planetary Nebula, Star Clusters, Quasars, Black holes and other catalogs. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Deep Sky menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. DownloadDownload causes Autostar to accept data from the serial interface. Data can include object data, software or both. Data can come from another Autostar in the Clone mode or from a Personal Computer. A special Meade cable must connect the serial port to the other unit for transfer of data. Once transfer of data has started, do not interrupt the process or Autostar memory will be corrupted. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to start the Download menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. EasyEasy align is designed to help the novice quickly align the telescope. Autostar selects the best two alignment stars and moves the telescope nearby. After centering the stars, alignment is complete. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to begin Easy align. Enter Date:Enter the current date by pressing the Numeric keys. To change between months, press a SCROLL key. Use the left or right ARROW keys to move the cursor to any digit. Press ENTER when the displayed date is correct. The Light on top of the handbox has been turned on to illuminate a watch. Press MODE to leave this message. Enter Time:Enter the current local time by pressing the Numeric keys. To change between AM or PM, press a SCROLL key. Use the left or right ARROW keys to move the cursor to any digit. Press ENTER when the displayed time is correct. The Light on top of the handbox has been turned on to illuminate a watch. Press MODE to leave this message. EventThe Event menu lists important astronomical events. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Event menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. Eyepiece Calc.The eyepiece calculation menu gives eyepiece information, such as; [G/Field of View], Magnification and the best eyepiece for the object currently in view. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Eyepiece Calc. menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu choices. Focal LengthFocal Length changes the telescope focal length value in Autostar memory. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to change the focal length value. Getting StartedFor a detailed description of the Autostar system, press the "?" key at the bottom of the keypad, otherwise press ENTER to continue. GlossaryThe Glossary has definitions of astronomy, telescope and space related terms in alphabetical order. Use the SCROLL keys to pick the beginning letter of a term, and press ENTER. Use the SCROLL keys again to select a term and press ENTER to see the definition. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Glossary menu and use the SCROLL keys to select a letter. Guided TourGuided Tour lists the best astronomical objects for viewing tonight. Objects can be selected using the ENTER key. Pressing GO TO will also move the telescope to any selected object. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Guided Tour Menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the list of objects. High PrecisionPlaces Autostar in the High Precision mode to improve accuracy in locating dim objects. In High Precision mode, Autostar will go to a bright object near the target object. After centering the bright object and pressing ENTER, Autostar will then move to the target object. Use the SCROLL keys to select ON or OFF and press ENTER. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to start the High Precision Menu and use the SCROLL keys (followed by ENTER) to enable or disable high precision operation. Home PositionPut the telescope in the home position and press the [H/ENTER key]. The home position for this telescope is described in the AutoStar User's guide or in the Telescope Manual. This home position is required by AutoStar to avoid positions that would interfere with telescope operation. This message will repeat until the [H/MODE Key] is pressed. IdentifyIdentify names the object seen in the telescope eyepiece by searching the catalogs. Use the SCROLL keys to see information about the object. For an object to be identified, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to identify the object in the eyepiece. LandmarksLandmarks defines and locates land objects. For landmarks to be added or located, the telescope must be aligned to an existing landmark. To align, use the Select option to chose an existing landmark, point the telescope at the landmark and hold ENTER for two seconds. Press ENTER again to "sync" and Autostar is landmark aligned. After alignment, another existing landmarks can be found using the Select option and pressing GO TO. Use the Add option to expand the list of landmarks. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Landmarks Menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the menu of options. Landmark SurveyLandmark Survey moves the telescope to all landmarks in turn, pausing at each one. Landmark Survey is stopped by pressing MODE. For landmarks to be found, the telescope must be landmark aligned. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to start the Landmark Survey. Lunar EclipsesLists eclipses of the Moon. Use the SCROLL keys to see the list by date, press ENTER to select a choice. Use the SCROLL keys to see information about the Eclipse. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the list of eclipses and use the SCROLL keys to see a particular event. Menu HelpUse the SCROLL keys to see the other menu choices and press ENTER to make a selection. To return to the previous menu, press MODE briefly. If MODE is held for two seconds, the [H/Telescope Status] Display will appear. For a more detailed description of Autostar press ENTER now for [H/Autostar Help]. This message will repeat until MODE is pressed. Meteor ShowersLists Meteor Showers during the year. Use the SCROLL keys to see the events, press ENTER to chose one. Use the SCROLL keys to see information about the meteor shower. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the list of meteor showers and use the SCROLL keys (followed by ENTER) to see a particular event. Min. of AlgolAlgol is a variable star that changes brightness every 2.8 days. Autostar gives the time of the next minimum brightness. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the date and time of the next minimum brightness of Algol. Moon PhasesLists the date and time of the next four phases of the Moon. Use the SCROLL keys to select one of the four phases and press ENTER to see the next event. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the moon phase options and use the SCROLL keys (followed by ENTER) to see a particular event. MoonriseGives the local time of the next Moonrise. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the moonrise time. MoonsetGives the local time of the next Moonset. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Moonset time. Motor Unit FaultAutostar has detected a motor failure. Moving the handbox between scopes, low battery levels, obstructed or overloaded scopes can cause this failure. If the telescope was stalled, remove the obstruction or overload. After leaving this message, the telescope will recalibrate the motors. The telescope will NEED TO BE REALIGNED before you can resume viewing. Should you continue to get this message with fresh batteries, contact Meade customer support. Press MODE to leave this message. MountSelects the AltAz or Polar telescope configuration. Most telescope are AltAz, the only Polar configuration is with the ETX on a special tripod. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Mount menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. MS BacklashFor this operation use a terrestrial object. After each step, when the object is centered, press ENTER. Press ENTER now to proceed. MS ContrastUse the scroll up and down keys to adjust the display contrast. Press ENTER when finished. MS ResetThis command will clear all the information entered into Autostar and reset to factory defaults. Press ENTER to proceed, or MODE to abort. Nearest CityFind the nearest City to the current telescope location by pressing the SCROLL keys at the bottom of the keypad. Press ENTER to select a displayed city. Press MODE to leave this message. ObjectThe Object menu contains catalogs of astronomical, terrestrial and user defined objects. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Object menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the list of catalogs. One StarOne Star align is designed for fast alignment of the telescope. The user must select a known star and move the telescope to it manually. This alignment is not as accurate as Easy or Two star alignment. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to begin One Star align. Owner Info.Owner Information stores the owners name and address. Use the SCROLL and ENTER keys to select the name or address option. Use the ARROW keys to move the cursor (right or left). Numbers are entered using the numeric keys and letters are entered using the up or down ARROW keys. Press ENTER when an entry is complete and correct. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Owner Info. menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Park ScopePark Scope moves the telescope to the home position and beeps. At the Home position, turn off the power. The next time power is turned on, if the telescope is not moved and time is entered accurately, no alignment will be necessary. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to park the telescope. PH Tour ObjectsThe Tour object list is seen using the SCROLL keys. Press ENTER to select an object. Information about a selected object is seen using the SCROLL keys. Pressing the GO TO key will cause the telescope to point at the object. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). Press MODE to leave this message. Point Scope NPoint the front of the telescope in the direction of true North and press the [H/ENTER key]. It is not required that the telescope to be pointed precisely North, pointing it generally North is sufficient. Later in the alignment process, AutoStar will select stars to be used for precision alignment. The closer the telescope is pointed at true North the easier it will be to identify the alignment stars. For suggestions on ways to find true North, refer to your AutoStar User's Guide. This message will repeat until the [H/MODE Key] is pressed. Polar AlignPut the telescope in the polar Home position as described in the Instruction Manual. Use the keypad to set the declination to 90^. Adjust the ETX RA axis to within 180^ of the counterclockwise hardstop. Next adjust the telescope tripod (do not use the keypad) so that the tube is pointing at the celestial pole. Press ENTER when done. ResetReset returns Autostar to factory defaults and erases all user memory. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to reset Autostar. Reverse L/RReverses the action of the left and right ARROW keys. Use the SCROLL keys to select ON (reversed) or OFF (normal) option and press ENTER. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Reverse L/R menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Reverse UP/DOWNReverses the action of the UP and DOWN ARROW keys. Use the SCROLL keys to select ON (reversed) or OFF (normal) option and press ENTER. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Reverse UP/DOWN menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. SatelliteThe Satellite menu is used to locate man-made objects orbiting Earth. Four options (Select, Add, Delete and Edit) are chosen using the SCROLL keys and pressing ENTER. To locate and track a satellite, use the Select function. The other functions modify the existing Satellite table. Satellite orbits vary greatly and need to be frequently corrected. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Satellite menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Scope HomePut your telescope in the home position and press the [H/ENTER key]. The home position for your telescope is described in the AutoStar User's guide or in your Telescope Manual. This home position is required by AutoStar to avoid positions that would interfere with telescope operation. This [H/Help Menu] will repeat until you press the [H/MODE Key]. Set Alt. To 0Set the [H/Altitude axis] of the telescope to 0 and press the [H/ENTER key]. Put simply, move the telescope tube up or down until it is level. When level, press the [H/ENTER key]. This message will repeat until the [H/MODE Key] is pressed. SetupThe Setup menu is used for Autostar settings required for the operation and alignment of the telescope. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Setup menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. SiteSite defines the observing location of the telescope. Up to six sites can be saved in Autostar memory. Site options include; Select, Add, Delete and Edit. The Select option determines the current observing site. Add, Delete and Edit options are used to change the Site tables. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Site menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Sleep ScopeSleep powers down the telescope to conserve batteries and maintains alignment. Press any Autostar key to resume operation. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to put Autostar in the low power mode. Solar EclipsesLists eclipses of the Sun. Use the SCROLL keys to see the list by date, press ENTER to select a choice. Use the SCROLL keys to see information about the Eclipse. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the list of eclipses and use the SCROLL keys to see a particular event. Solar SystemThe Solar System menu contains objects in our Solar System, including; eight Planets, the Moon, Asteroids and Comets. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Solar System menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the object choices. StarThe Star menu contains stars sorted by category. The categories include; named stars, SAO Catalog, Double stars, Variable stars, Nearby stars and stars with Planets. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Star menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the object categories. StatisticsThe Statistics menu shows the amount of available user memory and the Autostar software revision number. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Statistic menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the information. Summer SolsticeThe Summer Solstice gives the local time and date for the beginning of Summer (in the Northern Hemisphere, Winter in the Southern Hemisphere). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the date and time of Summer. SunriseGives the local time of the next sunrise. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the sunrise time. SunsetGives the local time of the next sunset. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the sunset time. TargetsThe Targets menu puts Autostar into the terrestrial or astronomical mode of operation. In astronomical mode the telescope tracks the moving sky. Use the SCROLL keys to see the options and press ENTER to make a selection. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Target menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Telescope ModelSelect the Telescope model by pressing the SCROLL keys. The telescope model can be found in the Telescope Instruction Manual or on the foil label attached to the telescope tube. Press ENTER when the display is correct. Press MODE to leave this message. Telescope StatusThe Telescope Status Display shows the values useful in operating the telescope and accessories. To enter this display, hold the MODE key for more than 2 seconds and release. Use the SCROLL keys to see values such as; telescope position, time, alarm, timer, battery level and accessory status. The motor slew speed is shown in the upper right corner of the display as a bar graph. While the telescope position is displayed, pressing GO TO, will cause Autostar to request new position values and slew to that location when ENTER is pressed. To return to the previous menu press MODE briefly. TimeThe Time function is used to change local time in Autostar. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to change Autostar time. TimerThe Timer beeps after a time period is complete. Use the "Set" option to select a Timer value up to 24 hours. Use the Start/Stop option to begin timer operation. The timer value is in the [H/Telescope Status] Display. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Timer menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Tracking RateTracking Rate adjusts rate the telescope uses to follow objects in the sky. There are three rate choices; Sidereal, Lunar or Custom. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Tracking Rate menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Train DriveTrain Drive calibrates the telescope motors to improve pointing accuracy. Carefully train each axis. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Train Drive menu and use the SCROLL keys (followed by ENTER) to select an axis to train. Two StarTwo Star alignment requires an advanced user (familiar with the sky) to select two stars and manually move the telescope to both during the alignment operation. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to begin Two Star align. User ObjectUser Object defines and locates new astronomical objects. Four options (Select, Add, Delete, Edit) are chosen using the SCROLL keys and pressing ENTER. To create and modify the object table, use Add, Delete or Edit. To locate an object use the Select option. For objects to be found, the telescope must be aligned (see the Setup Menu). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the User Object menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. UtilitiesThe Utilities menu has nine options to help operate the telescope. After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the Utilities menu and use the SCROLL keys to see the options. Vernal EquinoxThe Vernal Equinox gives the local time and date for the beginning of Spring (in the Northern Hemisphere, Fall in the Southern Hemisphere). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the date and time of Spring. WARNINGLOOKING AT OR NEAR THE SUN WILL CAUSE IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE TO YOUR EYE. DO NOT POINT THIS TELESCOPE AT OR NEAR THE SUN. DO NOT LOOK THROUGH THE TELESCOPE AS IT IS MOVING. TO INDICATE YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THIS MESSAGE, PRESS THE "5" KEY. Winter SolsticeThe Winter Solstice gives the local time and date for the beginning of Winter (in the Northern Hemisphere, Summer in the Southern Hemisphere). After pressing MODE to leave this message, press ENTER to see the date and time of Winter. 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